20 Nā laʻana o nā Organic a me nā Organic Molecules - 'Ōuli

Anter

Nā molekiola kūlohelohe
Nā Molecule Kūlohelohe
Nā laʻana o nā moleolaola
Nā laʻana o nā mole ʻaʻohe

Hoʻomaopopo ka kemika ma waena o ʻelua ʻano o nā molaki o ka mea, e like me ka ʻano ʻĀtoma ʻo ia lākou: nā lātomaola a nā molekiola ʻaʻohe.

ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mole ʻelua (a ma waena o nā mea i haku ʻia o lākou) hoʻokumu ʻia, ʻoi aku ma mua o kekahi mea, i ke alo o nā ʻāpana kalapona (C) e hana ana i nā paʻa covalent me nā ʻāpana kalapona ʻē aʻe a i ʻole me nā ʻoma hydrogen (H), a me nā mea like pinepine e like me oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), Sulphur (S), Phosphorus (P) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui.

Nā Molekule i loaʻa kēia hanana kalapona-kalapona ʻike ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he molakiola a he mea nui ia i ke ola e like me kā mākou e ʻike ai.

Nānā: Nā Huina Organic a me Inorganic

Nā molekiola kūlohelohe

ʻO kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona nui o nā meaolaola kā lākou palupalu, o ia hiki iā lākou ke puhi a lilo a hoʻololi paha i kā lākou kumu kumu, e like me ka hihia o nā hydrocarbons e hana ana i ka wahie kākāhiko. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, aia ʻelua mau ʻano mea ʻokanika, pili i ko lākou kumu.

Nā molekiola kūlohelohe. Nā mea synthesized e mea ola a ʻo ia ka mea i kūkulu i nā poloka hale no ka hana a me ka ulu ʻana o ko lākou mau kino. ʻIke ʻia lākou ma biomolecules.
Nā molekiola kūlohelohe. ʻAi aku lākou i ko lākou kumu i ka lima o ke kanaka, ʻoiai ʻaʻohe o lākou kūlohelohe e like me kēlā. ʻO kēia ka hihia o nā lula, ʻo kahi laʻana.

E hoʻomaopopo ia i ka laulā ʻehā wale nō ʻano o nā moleolaola e hana ana i ke kino o nā mea ola: protein, lipids, ʻākoʻakoʻa, nā nucleotides a me nā mole liʻiliʻi.

Nā Molecule Kūlohelohe

ʻO ka nā molekiola ʻaʻohe, ʻO ka lua, ʻAʻole lākou i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ke kalapona, akā nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia ke kumu e ʻaiʻē ai lākou i ko lākou kumu i ka ikaika ma waho o ke ola, e like me ka hana o ka electromagnetism a me nā hui nukelea like ʻole e ʻae ai i ka nā hopena kemika. Hiki i nā paʻa atomic i kēia ʻano mole ionic (electrovalent) a i ʻole covalent, akā ʻaʻole ko lākou hopena i kahi moleola ola.

ʻO ka laina hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o nā mole aola a me nā inorganic i ninaninau pinepine ʻia a manaʻo ʻia he mea ʻole, ʻoiai he nui nā mea inorganic i loko o carbon a me hydrogen. Eia naʻe, hōʻike ka lula hoʻokumu i kēlā hoʻokumu ʻia nā moleola a pau ma luna o ke kalapona, akā ʻaʻole nā meaola kalapona āpau i meaola.

E nānā pū: Nā meaola a me nā mea pono ʻole

Nā laʻana o nā moleolaola

ʻO Glucose (C₆H₁₂A I OLE₆). ʻO kekahi o nā sugars nui (carbohydrates) i lilo i kumu no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā polymers ʻokanika ʻē aʻe (kahi mālama ikehu a i ʻole nā hana kūkulu), a mai kāna hana biochemical, loaʻa i nā holoholona ko lākou ikaika nui (hanu).
Cellulose (C₆H₁₀A I OLE₅). Pono ka biopolymer no ke ola mea kanu a me ka biomolecule ʻoi loa ma ka honua. Me ka ʻole o ia, he mea hiki ʻole ke kūkulu i ka paia o nā hunaola nā mea kanu, no laila he molekole ia me nā hana kū i hiki ʻole ke pani ʻia.
ʻO Fructose (C₆H₁₂A I OLE₆). He kō monosakarida aia i loko o nā huaʻai, nā lau a me ka meli, like ke ʻano o ka hana akā ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o ka glucose (ʻo ia ka isomer). Me ka hope, hana ʻia he sucrose a i ʻole kō kō maʻamau.
ʻAkika formic (CH₂A I OLE₂). ʻO ka waikawa ke aloha maʻalahi e noho nei, hoʻohana ʻia e nā ants a me nā nalo meli ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻonāukiuki no kā lākou ʻano pale. Hūnā ʻia hoʻi e nā ʻūnū a me nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe, a he ʻāpana ia o nā pūhui e hana i ka meli.
ʻO Methane (CH₄). ʻO ka hikarokona ʻO ka alkane maʻalahi loa o nā mea āpau, nona ke ʻano gaseous colorless, ʻaʻohe ʻaʻala a ʻole ʻole i ka wai. ʻO ia ka hapa nui o ke kinoea kūlohelohe a me kahi huahana pinepine o nā kaʻina hana digestion holoholona.
Collagen ʻO kahi protein pono no ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā olonā, maʻa mau i nā holoholona āpau a hana ʻia nā iwi, nā aʻa a me ka ʻili, i hoʻohui ʻia a 25% o ka nui o nā protein o ka kino mammalian.
Benzene (C₆H₆). ʻO ka hydrocarbon ʻaʻala i haku ʻia i ʻeono mau ʻaukā kalapona i loko o ka hexagon hemolele a hoʻopili ʻia e nā kūmole hydrogen, he wai kala ʻole ia me kahi ʻaʻala ʻāʻā nui. ʻIke ʻia ʻo ia ka mole mole o nā kemikaola a pau, ʻoiai ʻo ia ke kumu hoʻomaka i ke kūkulu ʻana o nā mea ʻokanika paʻakikī.
DNA. ʻO Deoxyribonucleic acid kahi polymer nucleotide a me ka mole mole o nā mea ola o nā mea ola, nona nā ʻōlelo ʻae i ka replication o nā mea āpau e pono ai no ka hana ʻana, ka hana a me ka hana hou ʻana. Inā ʻaʻole lākou, ʻaʻole hiki i ka hoʻoilina hoʻoilina.
RNA. ʻO ka Ribonucleic acid ka moleola ʻē aʻe i ka synthesi o nā protein a me nā mea i hana i nā mea ola. Hoʻokumu ʻia e kahi kaulahao o ribonucleotides, hilinaʻi ia i ka DNA no ka hoʻokō a me ka hana hou ʻana o ke code genetical, kī i ka mahele pūnaewele a me ke kumukānāwai o nā ʻano ola āpau.
Kolesterol. Aia ʻo Lipid i loko o ke kino a me nā plasma o ke koko o ka vertebrates, pono i ke kumukānāwai o ka membrane plasma o nā hunaola, ʻoiai ke kumu o nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe loa i ke koko e hiki ai i nā pilikia i ke kahe o ke koko.

Nā laʻana o nā mole ʻaʻohe

Kalepona Monoxide (CO). I loko nō o hoʻokahi wale ʻana o carbon a me hoʻokahi atoma oxygen, he moleola ʻaola ia a a mea hoʻohaumia ʻāina ʻawahia loa, ʻo ia hoʻi, o ke kūlike ʻole o ke alo me ka hapanui o nā mea ola i ʻike ʻia.
Ka wai (H₂A I OLE). ʻOiai he mea nui i ke ola a malia paha kekahi o nā mole i ʻike nui ʻia a lehulehu hoʻi, inorganic ka wai. Hiki iā ia ke loaʻa nā mea ola i loko ona, e like me ka iʻa, a aia i loko o nā mea ola, akā ʻaʻole ola kūpono.
ʻAmonia (NH₃). Kinoea kala ʻole me ka pilau hoʻopailua, ke alo o ia i nā meaola ola ʻawahia a make hoʻi, ʻoiai he huahana ia o nā hana olaola he nui. ʻO ia ke kumu e hemo ai i ko lākou kino, i ka mimi, no ka laʻana.
ʻO Sodium chloride (NaCl). ʻO ka mole o ka paʻakai maʻamau, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai a loaʻa i loko o nā meaola ola, ka mea e ʻai ia ma o kā lākou papaʻai a hoʻolilo i ka mea i koe ma o nā kaʻina metabolic.
Kalepona oxide (CaO). ʻIke ʻia e like me ka lime a i ʻole ka quicklime, hele mai ia mai nā pōhaku limestone a ua hoʻohana lōʻihi ʻia i ka mōʻaukala i ka hana kūkulu a i ka hana ʻana o ahi Helene.
Ozone (ʻ.₃). ʻO ka mea i loaʻa ma kahi o ka lewa o ka lewa (ka ozone layer) nona nā kūlana kūikawā e ʻae iā ia e noho, no ka mea maʻamau ka palaho a hoʻopaʻa ʻia ke ʻano diatomic (O₂). Hoʻohana ʻia ia no ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai, akā i ka nui he hiki ke hoʻonāukiuki a ʻona iki hoʻi.
Ferric oxide (Fe₂A I OLE₃). ʻO ka hao hao hao maʻamau, he hao i hoʻohana lōʻihi ʻia i nā ʻoihana kanaka, ʻulaʻula i ke kala a ʻaʻole maikaʻi alakaʻi o ka uila. He wela paʻa a hoʻonā maʻalahi ia i loko ʻakika, e hoʻonui ana i nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe.
Helium (He). ʻEnekini hanohano, me argon, neon, xenon a me krypton, o ka haʻahaʻa a i ʻole nul kemika reactivity, i kū i loko o kāna monatomic haʻilula.
Kalepona dioxide (CO₂). Molecule ka hopena o ka hanu, nāna e kipaku iā ia, akā pono no ka photosynthesis mea kanu, lawe ʻia mai ka ea. He waiwai nui ia no ke ola, akā hiki ʻole ke kūkulu i nā moleolaola, me ka loaʻa ʻana naʻe o ka ʻāpana carbon.
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH). ʻO nā aniani keʻokeʻo ʻaʻohe onaona, i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he caustic soda, kahi kumu ikaika, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi mea desiccant nui, kahi e pane exothermically (e hoʻoulu ana i ka wela) ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai. I ka launa pū ʻana me nā mea ʻokanika e hoʻohua i ka pohō ka popopo.