Na ka maha ʻike ʻia nā mea āpau e pā mai i kahi papa pālahalaha, e hoʻololi ana iā ia e pili ana i ke kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka ʻili o ka honua, kahi hapa iki o ka honua (ʻoiai ka hapa nui o ka honua i hana ʻia me ka wai) e hōʻike ana i kahi ākea loa o nā kūlike ʻole.
ʻO ke kālaihonua a me ke kālaihonua ke aʻo ʻepekema i lilo i ʻāpana o ke kālaihonua, ka ʻepekema o ka honua, kona ʻano kino a me nā hanana e pili ana iā ia. ʻO ke ʻano o ka honua, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole kūpaʻa: hana ia i nā hoʻololi e hana i kahi ala mālie.
Hiki i nā kaʻina hana kālaihonua ke huahana o ka dinamika o loko o ka honua (ka lua pele a me ka hana seismic) a i ʻole ka huahana o nā agena exogenous e like me ka makani, ka wai a me nā mea ola. Aia kekahi hoʻonui lehulehu loa o nā kōkua ma ka honua Honua. E haʻi aʻe ka papa inoa aʻe i kekahi o lākou, me ka hōʻike pōkole o ko lākou ʻano a me kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona.
- Plateaus: Nā wahi o nā wahi kiʻekiʻe a me nā palena i kaupalena ʻia, i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka erosion i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka wai a me ka makani. ʻAʻole pali ka piko akā pālahalaha iki.
- Puu o Tibet
- Mauna mauna Andean
- Pāpū Waena o Sepania
- Kapu: Nā papu i hōʻike ʻia e kahi papa hana kiʻekiʻe ʻole. Hoʻokumu ʻia e nā pōhaku sedimentary, kahi e loaʻa ai ka hoʻonui ʻana o nā sediment. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe ma lalo o 200 mika, a i kekahi mau manawa he ʻano mahana ko lākou.
- Nā Pāpū Nui, ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa
- Pāpū ʻo Pampas, ma Argentina
- Ke Kai Kūʻono ʻo Mexico
- Kaumaha: ʻĀpana ʻāina ma lalo o nā wahi a puni. Pili paha ke kaumaha inā he haʻahaʻa ma mua o kona kaiapuni, ʻoiai e paʻa loa inā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ia ma mua o ka pae kai.
- ʻO Grenada kaumaha
- Kaumaha kaumaha
- ʻO Bass Bass Nui o San Julián
- Pali: Pākuʻi ākea e hōʻike ākea.
- ʻO Dan Brist, ma ʻIlani
- ʻO ka Mea Kahiko Pōhaku, ma Sekotia
- ʻO Risin og Kellingin pōhaku ma Faeroe Islands
- Moutains: Nā hana kālaihonua i hoʻokumu ʻia mai ka hoʻokuʻi ma waena o nā papa tectonic. Kaha ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe a hoʻokumu ʻia nā kuahiwi, kahi hanana i hana pinepine ʻia i ka wā Cenozoic. Loaʻa nā mea ʻoi loa i ke au o ka wā ʻōpio, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea kahiko.
- Mauna Everest
- Mauna lhotse
- Mauna Makalu
- Pae mauna: Pūʻulu o nā kuahiwi i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma kahi mamao mai kēlā me kēia, me ka hoʻomau.
- Kuahiwi Andes
- Pae mauna Himalayan
- Nā Kuahiwi ʻo Cantabrian
- Peninsula: ʻO kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻāina e hoʻopuni ʻia e ka wai ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻekolu, i hoʻohui ʻia i ka ʻāina nui ma o kahi kahakaha.
- Peninsulas o Florida
- Peninsula o Valdés
- Peninsula o Sinai
- Puʻu: Na mauna haʻahaʻa.
- Puʻu ʻo Kenya
- Puʻu ʻo Teide, ma Tenerife
- Hill Elgon
- Canyon: He awawa i hana ʻia e ka ʻaʻai ʻia e ka muliwai. He pali ko nā paia o nā kahawai.
- Ke kahawai ʻo Colorado
- Ke kahawai ʻo Lobos
- Sianok Canyon
- Nā awāwa: Nā wahi pālahalaha kahi e holo aku ai ka wai mai ka mauna mai. Kū ka erosion i kahi ala e ʻike ʻia ai kahi ʻano o 'U'.
- Ke awāwa ʻo Tierra Meia
- Ke awāwa ʻo Acatlán
- Ke awāwa o nā Salinas
Ma ka lima 'ē aʻe, a i ke kai ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ke kōkua. ʻO nā peninsula, i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻāina, pili kā lākou i kahi ʻano wai nui: ʻo ka hui ʻana o ka peninsula a me ke koena o ka ʻāina i kapa ʻia ʻo isthmus. I ke kai kūʻono hiki ke ʻike ʻia, ma muli o ke komo ʻana o ke kai ma kahakai. Aia paha he mau kai kūʻono, nā puʻu, nā fjords a i ʻole nā mokupuni, a me nā pae ʻāina a me nā headland.
