Anter
ʻO ka alkanes he papa o nā hydrocarbons kahi e loli ai ka helu o ʻĀtoma carbon hoʻohui ʻia e nā mea paʻa hoʻokahi, e like me ka iwi iwi, a hoʻopili ʻia kēlā me kēia carbon atom ʻĀtoma hydrogen, a ma hope paha e pani ʻia e kekahi ʻĀtoma a i ʻole nā hui kemika.
ʻO ka haʻilula molaki o alkanes CnH2n + 2, ma kahi e hōʻike ai ʻo C i ke kalapona, ʻo H hoʻi ka hydrogen a me n e hōʻike ana i ka helu o nā ʻoma. ʻO nā Alkanes he hydrocarbons māʻona. E inoa iā lākou, ka hope-makahiki”.
Hiki iā ia ke lawelawe iā ʻoe:
- Nā laʻana o Alkynes
- Nā laʻana o Alkenes
Hoʻokaʻina
Ma loko o nā ʻāpana ʻelua, ʻike ʻia ʻelua mau hui nui me kahi ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o lākou: kaulahao hamama (i kapa ʻia ʻo acyclic) a kaulahao paʻa (aiʻole pōʻaiapuni).
Ke hōʻike ʻole nā hui kaulahao ākea i kahi pani o nā hydrogens e hele pū me kēlā me kēia carbon atom, kāhea ʻia lākou alkanes laina: ʻo kēia nā alkanes maʻalahi loa. Ke hōʻike lākou i kahi pani, kāhea ʻia lākou alkanes lālā. ʻO nā hui maʻamau he hydroxyl a me nā hui methyl, a me nā halogens.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, aia nā mea hoʻohui me kahi pōʻai hoʻokahi i ka mole a me nā mea ʻē aʻe me kekahi; Kapa ʻia lākou he monocyclic a me polycyclic, i kēlā me kēia. Hiki i nā ʻāpana Cyclic ke homositelika a i ʻole heterocyclic.
- Hoʻokumu ʻia ka mea mua me ke komo wale ʻana o nā ʻĀtoma carbon.
- I ka hopena, komo nā ʻĀtoma ʻē aʻe, no ka laʻana, oxygen a sulfur paha.
Nā waiwai o ke kino
Ma ke ʻano laulā, hoʻopili ʻia nā waiwai kino o alkanes e ka nuʻu molaki (ma ka huli e hoʻopili i ka lōʻihi). ʻO ka poʻe me ka helu haʻahaʻa o nā kalapona ʻenekini i ke ana wela o ka lumi, kēlā mau mea mai ka 5 a i ka 18 mau ʻāpana kalapona wai, a ma luna o kēia helu paʻa (like me ka wax).
Ke noho nei ʻoi aku ka lahilahi ma mua o ka wai, lana lākou i luna o luna. Ma ka laulā, ʻaʻohe hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā ʻākena i loko o ka wai a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā mea hiki ke hoʻōla. Hāʻawi lākou i kahi pae kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu hoʻoulu.
ʻO ka alkanes ʻike ʻia e ka nā mea hoʻohui kemika o loahana maikaʻi ʻole, ʻo ia ke kumu i kapa ʻia ai lākou he "paraffins" (i ka ʻōlelo Lākina, parum affinis ʻo ia hoʻi "low affinity"). ʻO ka hopena koʻikoʻi e hiki i nā alkanes ke hana puhi ahi, e hoʻoulu ana i ka wela, carbon dioxide a me ka wai i ke alo o ka oxygen.
ʻO Alkanes ke kumu no kahi ʻano nui o nā hopena e pili ana i nā hana ʻoihana nui, ʻo ia hoʻi nā wahie kuʻuna. Hōʻike ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he huahana hope loa o nā hana olaola e like me ka fermentation methanogenic i lawe ʻia e kekahi meaolaola.
Nā laʻana o alkanes
E ʻōlelo mākou ma iwakālua mau alkanes, me nā laina linear a me nā lālā i kaulana a kaulana, i ka hopena o ka papa inoa:
- Chloroform (inoa nani o ka trichloromethane; CHCl3) - ua hoʻohana ʻia nā mahu o kēia mea he anesthetic i ka wā i hala. Ua hoʻopau ʻia no kēia kumu no ka mea ua ʻike ʻia e hōʻino ana i nā mea nui, e like me ke ake a me nā puʻupaʻa. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻia i kēia lā ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe a coolant paha.
- Metana (CH4) - ʻo kēia ka alkane maʻalahi loa o nā mea āpau: hana ʻia i hoʻokahi wale nō atoma carbon a me ʻehā hydrogen. He kinoea ia e kūlohelohe i ka decomposition o nā mea ʻokanika ʻē aʻe, a ʻo ia ka mea nui o ke kinoea kūlohelohe. I kēia mau manawa i ʻike ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he kinoea e hāʻawi nui i ka hopena i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hale kōmahana.
- ʻO Octane (C8H18) - ʻo ia ka ʻewalu kōpana kalapona a he mea nui ia mai ka mea e hoʻoholo ana i ka maikaʻi hope loa o ka naphthas, kahi hui o nā hydrocarbons like ʻole. Ua ana ʻia kēia ʻano e ka helu octane a i ʻole helu octane o ka wahie, kahi e kuhikuhi ai i kahi mea hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (index 100) a me kahi mea hoʻonoe nui (index 0).
- Hexane (C6H14) - kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe nui, pono e hōʻalo ʻia ka inhalation, no ka mea, ʻawaʻawa loa ia.
- Butana (C4H10) - pū me propane (C3H8), e hana i nā ʻenekini ʻaila ʻaila liquefied (LPG), i hana ʻia i loko o nā ʻeke kinoea i ka wā o ka wehe ʻana o ka aila. Hoʻololi ʻia ka pani o ka ʻāhinu a i ʻole ka diesel e LPG ma ke ʻano he wahie, no ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kaiāulu ʻo hydrocarbon e ke kahe ʻana o carbon dioxide a me ka wai wale nō i kāna puhi ʻia.
- ʻIcosano - ʻo ia ka mea i kapa ʻia ai ka alkane iwakāluakūmole (ʻo ke prefiks 'ico' iwakālua)
- ʻO Cyclopropane - hoʻohana ʻia ma mua he anesthetic
- n heptane -ʻO kēia alkane ka mea i lawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he kūmole no ka helu zero o ka pālākiō octane o ka penikala, ʻo ia ka mea makemake ʻole ʻia, ʻoiai e ʻā ana ka mea ʻā. Loaʻa iā ia mai ke kēpau o kekahi mau mea kanu.
- 3-ethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane (C9H20)
- 2-methylbutane
- 3-chloro-4-n-propylheptane
- 3,4,6-trimethyl heptane
- 1-phenyl 1-bromoethane
- 3-ʻetila-4-methylhexane
- 5-isopropyl-3-methylnonane
- paikikala
- 1-bromopropane
- 3-methyl-5-n-propyloctane
- 5-n-butyl-4,7-diethyldecane
- 3,3-dimethyl decane
Hiki iā ia ke lawelawe iā ʻoe:Nā laʻana o Hydrocarbons
