Anter
ʻO ka ʻike pili kaiaulu, e like me ka sociology a me ka anthropology, he kēlā mau mana hoʻomalu o ka nohona kanaka i hoʻokumu ʻia mai ke kaiāulu a kūwaho hoʻi i ke kanaka, kaohi a me ka hui. No laila, nā hana a me nā manaʻo i hoʻokau ʻia e ke kaiāulu.
Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia manaʻo e ka mea kālaimeaola Palani ʻo Émile Durkheim i 1895, a manaʻo i kahi ʻano o ka hoʻololi o ka interiority o kēlā me kēia kumuhana, e koi ana iā ia e haha, noʻonoʻo a hana i kekahi ʻano, e like me ke kaiāulu.
Akā, hiki i kahi kumuhana ke kūʻē i kēia kauoha hui, no laila e hoʻoikaika nei i kona kūloko a me kona pilikino, e like me ka hana a nā mea pena kiʻi. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i ka haki me nā ʻike kaiaulu ke loaʻa nā hopena iā lākou, e like me ka censorship a haʻi a i ʻole, e pili ana i ka kaiāulu a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hōʻole a me ka hoʻopaʻi.
Nā ʻano o ka ʻike kaiāulu
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kahi ʻike kaiaulu e like me ʻekolu mau mahele:
- Morphological. ʻO ka poʻe e hoʻolālā i ke kaiāulu a kauoha i ke komo ʻana o kēlā me kēia kanaka i kā lākou ʻano āpau.
- Nā hui. Aia nā ʻike kaiaulu i loko o ke kaiāulu a ʻike ʻia kahi ʻāpana o ke ola i loko.
- Nā au o ka manaʻo. Hoʻolohe lākou i nā ʻāpana ephemeral a i ʻole nā loina, a i ʻole e loaʻa ka ikaika a i ʻole ka liʻiliʻi e like me ka manawa o ke kaiāulu, a pahu i ke kaiāulu i kahi ʻano kumuhana e pili ana i kekahi mea.
ʻO kēia mau ʻike kaiaulu ʻike mau ʻia e nā lālā āpau o ke kaiāulu, kaʻana like a ʻole ʻole paha, a hoʻonohonoho lākou iā lākou iho me ka mahalo iā lākou, no a i ʻole kūʻē ʻana, me ka ʻole e kūkākūkā mua ʻia i kekahi ʻano. I kēia ala, hānai ʻia ke kaʻina hana: hoʻohuli nā hanana kaiaulu i ka poʻe a me ka poʻe e hana a kū i ka ikaika o ka nohona..
ʻO ka hope, mai kahi manaʻo, nā hiʻohiʻona āpau o ke kumuhana o ke kanaka: ka ʻōlelo, ka hoʻomana, ka pono, nā loina, nā ʻike kaiaulu hāʻawi i kēlā me kēia mea i kahi kaiāulu.
E nānā pū: Nā laʻana o nā ʻano nohona
Nā laʻana o nā ʻike kaiaulu
- Pāleʻa ma hope o kahi hana. ʻO ka hana kaiaulu i ʻae ʻia a paipai ʻia ma hope o kekahi hana o kekahi ʻano ke kaōlea hui, a he laʻana kūpono a maʻalahi hoʻi ia o ka ʻoihana kaiāulu. E ʻike ka poʻe hele i ka wā e paʻipaʻi ai a pehea, me ka ʻole o kekahi e wehewehe iā ia iā lākou i kēia manawalawe wale ʻia e ka lehulehu. ʻO ka pāpaʻi ʻole ʻana, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, e lawe ʻia me ke ʻano hoʻowahāwahā i ka hana.
- Ke Keʻa o nā Kakolika. Ma waena o ke kaiāulu Katolika, he aʻo a kau ʻia ke keʻa i ka hana, ʻaʻole ia ma ka hopena o ka Mass a i ʻole nā manawa i kuhikuhi ʻia e ke kahuna pule parisa, akā mālama ʻia i nā manawa nui i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā: i ke alo o nūhou maikaʻi ʻole, ma ke ʻano he pale no ka pale ʻana i kahi hanana kupaianaha, etc. ʻAʻohe mea e haʻi iā lākou i ka wā e hana ai, he ʻāpana wale ia o kahi manaʻo aʻo.
- Nā Nationalism. ʻO ke aloha Patriotic, ka hoʻolaʻa ʻana i nā hōʻailona patriotic, a me nā hana aloha ʻāina ʻē aʻe i hānai ākea ʻia e ka hapa nui o nā kaiāulu i ka pane ʻana i kahi ʻano manaʻo hoʻowahāwahā nona iho. ʻO nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua, chauvinism (aloha nui i ka lāhui) a i ʻole malinchismo (hoʻowahāwahā i nā mea āpau āpau) nā mea pili kaiaulu.
- Na balota. ʻO nā kaʻina koho he mau ʻike pili kaiāulu no ke ola repubalika o nā lāhui, ʻo ia ke kumu i hoʻokau ʻia ai lākou e nā aupuni ma ke ʻano he koʻikoʻi o ke komo politika ʻana.. ʻAʻole komo i loko o ia mau mea hiki, ʻoiai inā ʻaʻole ia e lawe i ka hoʻopaʻi kū kānāwai, e hōʻole ʻia e nā poʻe ʻē aʻe.
- Nā hōʻike hōʻike a kūʻē paha. ʻO kekahi ʻano o ke komo ʻana o ka makaʻāinana i hoʻonohonoho ʻia he kūʻē kū pinepine lākou mai ka ʻike ʻana i kahi kanaka a i ʻole ka hui liʻiliʻi a laila e ala aʻe e hoʻākoakoa a hoʻoikaika i ka manaʻo o ke kaiāulu o ka lehulehu, i kekahi manawa e hoʻokau iā lākou i nā hana kolohe (hoʻolei pōhaku i nā mākaʻi), e hōʻike ana iā lākou iho i ka hoʻomāinoino a i ʻole ke uhaʻi ʻana i nā kānāwai (e like me ka hao wale ʻana).
- Nā kaua a me nā hakakā kaua. ʻO kahi mea nui kaiaulu i ka mōʻaukala o nā kānaka he kaua a me nā hakakā, eia naʻe. Hoʻololi kēia mau mokuʻāina transitory o ka hana ʻino i nā mea pono āpau, kū kānāwai a me ka politika o nā lāhui a koi i nā hui e hana i kekahi ʻano.: koa kaua a me ka mea kapu, e like me ka pūʻali koa, a i ʻole anarchic a me ka pilikino, e like me ka hihia o nā lehulehu i paʻa i nā wahi hakakā.
- ʻO Coups dʻetat. Hoʻololi ʻino i ke aupuni he kūlana kūwaho i kekahi kanaka e hoʻokau i kekahi mau manaʻo, no ka laʻana, o ka hauʻoli a me ke kōkua i ka hoʻokahuli ʻia ʻana o kahi dictator, o ka manaʻolana i ka hiki ʻana i ka mana o kahi hui kipi, a i ʻole ke kaumaha a me ka makaʻu ke hoʻomaka nā aupuni makemake ʻole ʻia.
- Ka hana ʻino kūlanakauhale. I nā ʻāina he nui me ka palena kiʻekiʻe o ka hana kolohe, e like me Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, etc. ʻo nā helu kiʻekiʻe o nā hana kolohe ka mea i kū i ka nohona, mai ka manawa e hoʻololi i ke ʻano o ka manaʻo o ka poʻe, noʻonoʻo a hana, e hoʻokau pinepine nei iā lākou i nā kūlana radical a ʻae i nā lynchings o nā lawehala a i ʻole ʻano o ka hana ʻino like a lākou i hōʻole ai..
- ʻO ka pilikia hoʻokele waiwai. ʻO nā kumu o ka pilikia hoʻokele waiwai, ka mea e hoʻololi i ke ala e launa pū ai ka poʻe, he ʻike kaiaulu ka hopena hohonu i ka naʻau (hana i nā kaumaha, nāukiuki, nā huhū), ka manaʻo (e ʻimi ana i ka hewa, xenophobia) a me ka hana ʻana (koho balota mo nā moho populist, ʻai liʻiliʻi, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) o ka poʻe i hoʻopilikia ʻia..
- ʻO ka hoʻoweliweli. ʻO ka hana o nā hunaola hoʻoweliweli i nā hui kaiaulu kahi hopena radicalizing nui, a mākou i ʻike maka ai ma ʻEulopa i ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia 21: ke ala hou ʻana o nā ʻōiwi ʻākau, ka makaʻu a me ka hoʻowahāwahā ʻia no nā haole, Islamophobia, i ka pōkole, kau ʻia nā manaʻo like ʻole e kau ʻia ma luna o kēlā me kēia kanaka mai nā hana kolohe wale nō a ka poʻe kipi, akā mai nā ʻōlelo pāpāho āpau i ulana ʻia a puni..
- Hiki iā ia ke lawelawe iā ʻoe: Nā laʻana o Phenomena Pilikanaka
