Anter
Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka waikawa he hui pū kekahi ia, ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka hopena wai, hoʻokuʻu i nā ion hydrogen (H+) a hana me nā mole wai e hana i nā ioni hydronium (H3A I OLE+). Hoʻokumu ʻia nā waikawa e ka hui ʻana o kahi oxide a me ka wai, a ma muli o ka hopena ua loaʻa ka hopena hopena i kahi pH waikawa, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma lalo o 7.
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā kumu, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē e nā mea hoʻohui i loko o kahi wai wai e hoʻokuʻu i nā iona hydroxyl (OH '') a hoʻonui i ka pH o ka hopena ma mua o pH 7.
Mōʻaukala
ʻO kēia ala o ka wehewehe ʻana i nā waikawa a me nā kumu ka mea kahiko loa a he ʻāpana ia o ka manaʻo Arrhenius, mai ka hopena o ke kenekulia ʻumikūmāiwa. I kekahi mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua wehewehe ʻo Brönsted a me Lowry i nā waikawa e like me kēlā mau mea i hiki ke hāʻawi i kahi proton (H+) a me nā kumu e like me nā mea i hiki ke ʻae i kahi proton (H+) hāʻawi ʻia e kahi waikawa. Ua komo i ke kenekulia iwakālua, Lewis ua hoʻoholo he ʻakika kahi kumuwaiwai hiki ke kaʻana like a ʻae paha i kahi mau electron, ʻoiai hiki i kahi kumu ke kaʻana a hāʻawi i kekahi mau electron.
Nā ʻano
ʻAwaʻawa a me ka corrosive maʻamau; pala nā kumu, me ka ʻono caustic a me ka paʻi soapy. ʻO ka maʻamau o kahi waikawa e hoʻokaʻawale a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka pH i kapa ʻia ʻo "ikaika ka ʻakika." He mau laʻana o ʻakika ikaika perchloric, sulfuric, hydroiodic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric a me nitric.
Pēlā nō, hiki iā lākou ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ma ke ʻano kahua paʻa potassium, sodium, lithium a me ka magnesium hydroxide. ʻO ka Acetic, citric, a me nā benzoic acid, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he mau waikawa nāwaliwali; he kumu nāwaliwali ka amonia.
Pehea e hana ai i nā paʻakai?
ʻO ka hele aku ʻoe he mau hoʻohui ionic o ka paʻakikī paʻakikī, nui i ke ʻano a hana ʻia e ka hui ʻana o nā waikawa me nā kumu, e hoʻoulu ana i ka wai. Hiki i nā paʻakai ke kūpaʻa, ʻakika a me ke kumu. I ka mea ma mua, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā ʻākena hydrogen āpau i ka waikawa e a mea hoʻoheheʻe hao. ʻO nā paʻakai paʻakai, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, e mālama i hoʻokahi a i ʻole nā ʻoma hydrogen.
Ma ka huli, hiki i nā paʻakai pālua a pākolu paha inā loaʻa iā lākou ma mua o hoʻokahi cation a i ʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi anion. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka potassium potassium fluoride kahi paʻakai kūlike pālua (CaKF3), no ka mea, ʻelua mau cation i loaʻa. ʻO ka mea hope loa, he mea kūpono ke ʻōlelo ʻana i nā paʻakai paʻakai, ma kahi o hoʻokahi anion ka anion hydroxide, e like me, ma ka laʻana, i ke keleawe chloride trihydroxide (Cu2Cl (OH)3).
Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻike ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano nā paʻakai ternary a i ʻole tertiary i nā mea i loaʻa i ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi metala me kahi radical, e like me ka sulfate, carbonate a i ʻole dichromate, a me nā paʻakai ammonium quaternary i kēlā mau mea i pani ʻia nā hunaola hydrogen o ka ammonium e nā radical, e like me ka tetramethylammonium chloride .
Hoʻolahalaha a me nā mea nui
ʻO ka ʻakika Nui a koʻikoʻi lākou i ka ʻoihana a me ke kūlohelohe. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka waikawa hydrochloric kahi ʻāpana o kā mākou ʻōnaehana digestive a pono ia no mākou e uhaʻi i nā mea hoʻohui kino i loko o ka meaʻai. Deoxyribonucleic acid, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ʻike ʻia me DNA, hana i nā chromosome, kahi e ʻike ʻia ai ka genetic information e pono ai no nā mea ola e hoʻonui a hoʻomohala ʻia. ʻO Boric acid kahi mea nui i ka ʻoihana aniani.
ʻO ka kalipuna kalapona He paʻakai nui loa ia ma nā ʻano pōhaku limestone like ʻole. Ma o ka hana ʻana o nā mahana kiʻekiʻe (900 ° C), loaʻa ke kalepona kalepona i ke kalepona oxide a i ʻole ka quicklime. Hoʻohui i ka wai i quicklime e hana i ka calcium hydroxide, i kapa ʻia he lime slaked, kahi kumu. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau mea i ke kūkulu ʻana.
