20 Nā laʻana o Hydrocarbons - 'Ōuli

Wikiō: IUPAC Nomenclature of Alkenes and Alkynes

Anter

Nā laʻana o nā hydrocarbons

ʻO kaʻāpana uila he mau mea hoʻohuihui i hoʻokumu wale ʻia e kahi anga o hydrogen a me carbon atoms, a ʻo ia ke kumu o nā kemika kemika. Hiki ke laina a branched paha ke ʻano o nā papahana atomic i ʻōlelo ʻia, hāmama a pani ʻia paha, a ʻo kā lākou hoʻonohonoho ʻana a me ka nui o nā mea e pili ana inā kekahi a i ʻole nā mea ʻē aʻe.

ʻO ka ʻāpana uila He mau mea lapalapa lākou me ka hiki ākea no ka loli ʻoihana, ʻo ia ke kumu i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka unuhi honua, e ʻae ana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea paʻakikī, ka ikehu calory a me ka uila, a me nā kukui i waena o nā noi ʻē aʻe. He kumu nui lākou no ka lāʻau make, no ka mea hāʻawi pinepine lākou i nā mahu e hoʻopōʻino i ke olakino.

Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā Hydrocarbons e like me nā pae hoʻohālikelike ʻelua:

Wahi a kāna ʻano, aia iā mākou:

ʻAkika aiʻole nā kaulahao hāmama. Ma ka huli e māhele ʻia i linear a branched paha.
Paikikala a i ʻole nā kaulahao paʻa. Ma ka ʻāpana i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i monositlic a me polycyclic.

Wahi a ke ʻano o ka hoʻopaʻa ma waena o kona mau ʻoma, aia mākou:

Mea ala. Loaʻa iā lākou he apo ʻaʻala, ʻo ia hoʻi, me ke ʻano cyclic e like me ka lula a Hückel. Loaʻa lākou iā Benzene.
ʻAlapia. Ua nele lākou i ke apo ʻaʻala (ʻaʻole i loaʻa mai ka benzene) a ma ka ʻāpana e puʻunaue ʻia i: saturated (single atomic bond) a unsaturated (ma ka liʻiliʻi o hoʻokahi palapala paʻa).

Nā laʻana o nā hydrocarbons

ʻO Methane (CH₄). ʻO kahi kinoea me ka pilau hoʻopailua, lapalapa loa, aia i ka lewa o nā lewa nui a me kahi huahana i kā mākou o ka palaho o ka mea ʻokanika a huahana paha o nā hana mining.
ʻO Ethane (C₂H₆). Ke kinoea wela nui o nā mea i hana i ke kinoea kūlohelohe a hiki ke hana i ka hau i ka pili me nā meaola kūlohelohe.
Butane (C₄H₁₀). Kinoea kala ʻole a paʻa ʻole, hoʻohana ākea e like me kahi wahie kiʻekiʻe (wai) i ka pōʻaiapili.
Propane (C₃H₈). Pēlā pū kekahi ʻenekini, kala ʻole a ʻaʻohe ʻaʻala ʻole, hāʻawi ʻia me nā explosiveness kiʻekiʻe a me nā waiwai narcotic ke komo i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.
Pentane (C5H12). ʻOiai ʻo ia kekahi o nā hydrocarbons ʻehā mua alkanes, ka pentane i kahi moku wai i maʻamau. Hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe a me ke ʻano he ikehu, hāʻawi ʻia i kona palekana kiʻekiʻe a me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa.
Benzene (C₆H₆). A wai kala ʻole me ka ʻaʻala onaona, wela nui a me ka carcinogenic nui pū kekahi, aia ia i waena o nā huahana ʻoihana hana nui loa i kēia lā. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻōpala, nā mea holoi, nā pesticides, nā lāʻau, plastik, resins a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o ka ʻaila.
Hexane (C₆H₁₄). ʻO kekahi o nā ʻāpana ʻawahia, hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe i loko o kekahi pena a me nā mea hoʻopili, a me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka aila pomace. Hoʻohana ʻia kāna hoʻohana ʻana, no ka mea, he neurotoxic mea hoʻohui kēia.
Heptane (C₇H₁₆). ʻO Liquid ma lalo o ke kaomi a mahana kaiapuni, he lapalapa a ahi nui ia. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i ka ʻoihana wahie e like me ka helu ʻole o ka octane, a ma ke ʻano he kumu hana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau.
ʻO Octane (C₈H₁₈). ʻO ia ka helu 100th ma ka pālākiō octane penikala, ʻē aʻe i ka heptane, a he papa inoa lōʻihi o nā isomer no ka hoʻohana ʻoihana.
1-Hexene (C₆H₁₂). Hoʻonohonoho ʻia i ka ʻoihana ma ke ʻano he paraffin kiʻekiʻe a me alpha-olefin, he wai kala ʻole ia e pono ai i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka polyethylene a me kekahi mau aldehydes.
ʻO Ethylene (C₂H₄). ʻO ka hoʻohuihui i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka honua, aia ia i ka manawa like a hōmona kūlohelohe o nā mea kanu a me kahi hui ʻoihana e pono ai no ka hana ʻana i ka ea. Loaʻa pinepine ʻia ia mai ka dehydrogenation o ka ethana.
ʻO Acetylene (C₂H₂). ʻO ke kinoea kala ʻole, ʻoi aku ka māmā ma mua o ka ea a me ka lapalapa ahi kiʻekiʻe, hana ia i kahi lapalapa hiki ke hiki i 3000 ° C, kekahi o nā mahana kiʻekiʻe loa i hiki i ke kanaka ke mālama. Hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he kumu o ka hoʻomālamalama a me ka wela i nā ʻoihana like ʻole a me nā noi.
ʻO Trichlorethylene (C₂HCl₃). ʻAno ʻole, wai ʻole kuni ʻole, me ka ʻaʻala a me ka ʻono, he carcinogenic nui a ʻona ia, hiki ke keʻakeʻa i ka naʻau, ka hanu a me nā uila hepatic. He mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻoihana hana ʻole ia i kū ʻole i ke kūlohelohe.
Trinitrotoluene (C₇H₅N₃A I OLE₆). ʻIke ʻia ma ke ʻano he TNT, he melemele mae, crystalline, pūhui pahū nui. ʻAʻole ia e pane me nā metala a lawe ʻole i ka wai, no laila he ola lōʻihi ia a hoʻohana ākea ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o nā pūʻali koa a me nā pōkā ʻoihana a me nā mea pahū.
Phenol (C₆H₆A I OLE). Kaulana pū ʻia me ʻākika carbolic a phenyl a phenylhydroxide paha, paʻa ia i kona ʻano maʻemaʻe, crystalline a keʻokeʻo a kala ʻole paha. Hoʻohana ʻia ia e loaʻa ai nā resins, nylon a ma ke ʻano he disinfectant a i ʻole ʻāpana o nā hoʻomākaukau lapaʻau like ʻole.
Kāpena. ʻO ka hoʻohuihui paʻakikī o nā meaola kūlohelohe e loli ke ʻano e like me ke ʻano o kāna hana a me kona mahana a me nā loli ʻē aʻe, he a mea hoʻoheheʻe wai, bituminous, viscous a me ka pouli, me ka pilau nui a me nā noi he nui, mai ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka psoriasis a hiki i ke ana alanui.
ʻIʻike pū ʻia me ka ether petroleum, he a hoʻohuihui huikau, lapalapa a me ka wai o nā hydrocarbons kukona, i loaʻa mai i ka ʻaila, i hoʻohana ʻia me he mea hoʻoheheʻe a me kahi wahie. ʻAʻole pono e huikau me ka benzene, ether, a i ʻole ka ʻaukā.
ʻO Kerosene. ʻO kahi wahie maʻamau, ʻaʻole maʻemaʻe a loaʻa ʻia e distillation ʻaila kūlohelohe. Hoʻokomo ʻia ia o kahi hui o nā hydrocarbons i loko o kahi wai aniani a me ka melemele, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka wai, i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe o ka papa, a ʻo kahi pesticide a me ka lubricant mīkini.
ʻEnekini. Loaʻa ʻia mai ka ʻaila ʻaila e ka distillation pololei a i ʻole ka hakihaki, hoʻohana ʻia kēia hui ʻana o nā haneli o nā hydrocarbons i loko o nā mīkini kuni kūloko e like me ka wahie maʻemaʻe, maikaʻi a kaulana hoʻi i ʻike ʻia, ʻoiai ma hope o ka hemo ʻana o ke kēpau i nā makahiki 2000 mua.
ʻAilika. ʻO ka hydrocarbon koʻikoʻi nui i ʻike ʻia i nā ʻoihana ʻenehana, kahi e hiki ai ke synthesize i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe a me nā ʻano mea like ʻole, hana ʻia ma lalo o ka honua mai nā meaola i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i nā pahele geological a hoʻokau ʻia i nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe loa. ʻO ia no ka fossil, he wai ʻeleʻele viscous a paʻa hoʻi, nona nā mālama honua Hou Hou, akā lilo ia i mea hoʻokomo no ka ʻoihana kaʻa, uila, nā mea miki a me nā ʻoihana.