Nā kikowaena hanana Maya

Anter

• ʻO ka mōʻaukala o ka lāhui Maya
• Nā kikowaena ʻoihana Maya

ʻO ka maya He lāhui Mesoamerican pre-Hispanic i noho ai mai 2000 mau makahiki ma mua o Kristo a hiki i ka 1697 a ʻoi aku paha, e noho ana i ka panalā komohana hema o Mekiko a me ka ʻākau o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa: ʻo ka Yucatan Peninsula holoʻokoʻa, ka nui o Guatemala a me Belize, a me kahi hapa o Honduras a me ʻEl Salvador.

Ua hōʻike ʻia kona kū ʻana ma waena o nā moʻomeheu Aboriginal ʻAmelika ma muli o kāna ʻōnaehana moʻomeheu paʻakikī a holomua hoʻi, i hoʻopili ʻia me nā ʻano kākau glyphic (ʻo ia wale nō ka ʻōnaehana kākau i hoʻomohala piha ʻia, a me nā mea āpau ma mua o Columbian America). o ka noʻeau a me ka hoʻolālā, o ka makemakika (ʻo lākou ka mua e hoʻohana i ka ʻole) a me ka hōkū.

Ua hōʻike nā mokuʻāina ʻo Maya nui i nā pono kuhikuhina nui ʻoiai ua ulu lākou me ka ʻole o ka hoʻolālā mua, a puni kahi kikowaena moʻomeheu i lawelawe ʻia ma ke ʻano he axis. Pili lākou kekahi i kekahi e nā pūnaewele kālepa, i hala nā kenekulia i hāpai ai i nā nukelika hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū nāna i alakaʻi i nā kaua he lehulehu.

Ua mālama ʻia ka mōʻī hoʻoilina a me nā mōʻī makua i kā lākou moʻomeheu, a me nā mōhai kanaka, ka mummification, a me nā pāʻani kinipōpō hana. Loaʻa iā lākou kā lākou ʻōnaehana kalena ponoʻī, a mālama ʻia a hiki i kēia lā. ʻOiai ua maʻalahi lākou i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i kā lākou mōʻaukala a me ke kākau ʻana i kā lākou mau moʻomeheu, ua nalowale loa ka hapa nui o kā lākou moʻomeheu ma muli o ka hana hoʻomāinoino o ka hoʻopio Sepania.

Eia nō naʻe, ke hoʻomau nei nā kuhi o nā ʻōlelo Maya a me kā lākou ʻano hana i nā kaiaulu o Gatemala a me Chiapas, Mexico.

ʻO ka mōʻaukala o ka lāhui Maya

Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka moʻolelo o ka Maya ma luna o nā wā nui ʻehā, ʻo ia hoʻi:

• Wā Preclassic (2000 BC-250 AD). Hana ʻia kēia manawa mua mai ka hopena o ka wā archaic, i ka manawa a ka poʻe Mayans i hoʻokumu a hoʻomohala ai i ka mahiʻai, no laila ke ala nei i ka civilization kūpono. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia wā i nā wā liʻiliʻi: Early Preclassic (2000-1000 BC), Middle Preclassic (1000-350 BC) a me Late Preclassic (350 BC-250 AD), ʻoiai ke kānalua nei ka pololei o kēia mau manawa. lehulehu loea.
• Wā kuʻuna (250 AD-950 AD). ʻO ka wā o ka pua ʻana o ka moʻomeheu Maya, kahi i kūleʻa ai nā kūlanakauhale Maya nui a hōʻike ʻia kahi moʻomeheu artistic a me ka ʻike naʻau ikaika. Aia kahi polarization politika e pili ana i nā kūlanakauhale ʻo Tikal a me Calakmul, ka mea i alakaʻi i ka hiolo politika a me ka haʻalele ʻana i nā kūlanakauhale, a me ka hopena o nā dynasties lehulehu a me ka mobilization i ka ʻākau. Hoʻokaʻawale pū ʻia kēia wā i nā wā liʻiliʻi: Early Classic (250-550 AD), Late Classic (550-830 AD) a me Terminal Classic (830-950 AD).
• Wā Postclassic (950-1539 AD). Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o kahi postclassic mua (950-1200 AD) a me kahi postclassic (1200-1539 AD), ua ʻike ʻia kēia wā e ka hāʻule ʻana o nā kūlanakauhale nui ʻo Maya a me ka emi ʻana o kā lākou hoʻomana, e ala ana ka puka hou ʻana nā kikowaena o ke kūlanakauhale kokoke i ke kahakai a me nā kumu wai, i mea e pōʻino ai ka mauna. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kēia mau kūlanakauhale hou ma kahi ʻaha kūkā ʻoi aku a liʻiliʻi paha, ʻoiai ka mea i ka manawa o ka launa mua ʻana me ka Paniolo i ka makahiki 1511, he hui ia o nā panalāʻau me kahi moʻomeheu maʻamau akā he ʻokoʻa kaiapili-politika ʻokoʻa.
• Wā o ka launa pū ʻana a me ka naʻi Sepania (1511-1697 AD). ʻO kēia wā hakakā ma waena o nā mea hoʻouka kaua ʻEulopa a me nā moʻomeheu Maya i hoʻonui ʻia i loko o nā kaua a me ka naʻi aupuni ʻana o nā kūlanakauhale o kēia lāhui, nāwaliwali e ka hakakā kūloko a me ka neʻe ʻana o ke kūlanakauhale. Ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka Aztecs a me ke aupuni Quiché, ua hoʻokau ʻia a luku ʻia ka poʻe Mayans e nā mea lanakila, me ka waiho iki ʻana i kā lākou moʻomeheu a me kā lākou moʻomeheu. ʻO ke kūlanakauhale kūʻokoʻa Mayan hope loa, ʻo Nojpetén, i hāʻule i nā pūʻali o Martín de Urzúa ma 1697.

Nā kikowaena ʻoihana Maya

1. ʻO Tikal. ʻO kekahi o nā kikowaena kaiāulu nui a nui o ka lāhui Maya, kahi i waiho ʻia i kēia lā he kahua archaeological kumu no nā moʻomeheu o kēia moʻomeheu a me nā hoʻoilina o ke kanaka mai 1979. ʻO kona inoa Maya ʻo Yux Mutul a ʻo ia ke kapikala o kekahi o nā aupuni Maya ikaika loa, i kūʻē i ka mōʻī nona ka inoa ʻo Calakmul. ʻO ia paha ke aʻo maikaʻi a me ka maopopo o ke kūlanakauhale Maya ma ka honua.
2. Copan. Aia ma ke komohana ʻo Honduras ma ka ʻāpana o ka inoa like, he mau kilomita mai ka palena me Guatemala, ua lilo kēia kikowaena upacara Maya i kapikala nui o ke aupuni ikaika o ka wā Maya Mayan. ʻO kona inoa Maya i kapa ʻia ʻo Oxwitik a ua hoʻokumu ʻia kāna hāʻule i ka hāʻule o ka Mōʻī Uaxaclajuun Ubʻahh Kʻawiil i mua o ka Mōʻī o Quiriguá. Ua hānai ʻia kahi ʻāpana o ka pūnaewele archaeological e ka muliwai Copán, ʻo ia ke kumu i hoʻohuli ʻia ai ka wai e pale ai i ka pūnaewele, i hoʻolaha ʻia he World Heritage Site i kēlā makahiki e UNESCO.
3. Palenque. Kāhea ʻia i ka ʻōlelo Mayan ʻo 'Baak', aia ia i ka moku o Chiapas, Mekiko, kokoke i ka muliwai Usumancita. He kūlanakauhale nui ʻo Maya ia, akā kaulana ʻia no nā hoʻoilina o nā mea noʻeau a me nā hoʻolālā, e kū nei a hiki i kēia lā. Ua koho ʻia he 2% wale nō o nā wahi o ke kūlanakauhale kahiko i ʻike ʻia, a uhi ʻia ke koena e ka ululāʻau. Ua hoʻolaha ʻia he World Heritage Site ma 1987 a i kēia lā he wahi archaeological nui.
4. ʻO Izamal. Kona inoa Maya, ʻO Itzmal, ʻo ia hoʻi, "hau mai ka lani", a i kēia lā he kūlanakauhale Mekiko kahi e hui ai nā moʻomeheu mōʻaukala ʻekolu o ka ʻāina: ʻo Columbian, colonial a me Mekiko o kēia wā. ʻO ia ke kumu i ʻike ʻia ai ʻo "Ke kūlanakauhale o nā moʻomeheu ʻekolu". Aia ma kahi o 60km mai Chichen-itzá, ma kahi e puni ana he 5 mau pyramid Maya.
5. Dzibilchaltún. Ua unuhi kēia inoa Maya i "kahi i kākau ʻia ai ka pōhaku" a kapa ʻia kahi kikowaena moʻomeheu Maya i kēia lā, kahi pūnaewele archaeological, aia i loko o ka homonymous National Park kokoke i ke kūlanakauhale Mekiko o Mérida. Aia ka Xlacah cenote ma laila, ka mea nui o ka wahi a nāna i hāʻawi aku i ka poʻe Mei a hiki i 40 mika o ka hohonu o ka wai; a me ka luakini o nā pēpē ʻehiku, kahi i loaʻa ai nā figurine pālua Maya a me nā pono hana he nui o ka manawa.
6. ʻO Sayil. Aia ma ka Mokuʻāina ʻo Yucatán, Mekiko, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia kikowaena kahiko o kahi elite mahiʻai Maya ma kahi o 800 AD, i ka hopena o ka wā ma lalo o Classic. Noho nā koena o ka Hale Aliʻi Sayil, a me ka Pyramid o Chaac II a me kekahi 3.5 km o ka pūnaewele archaeological.
7. ʻO Ek Balam. Aia pū kekahi ma Yucatán, Mekiko, kona inoa ma ka inoa "ʻeleʻele jaguar" ma Maya a mai kona hoʻomaka ʻana ma 300 BC. e lilo ia i kapikala waiwai nui i loko o kahi ʻāina nui, nona ka inoa ʻo Maya ʻo 'Talol', akā ua hoʻokumu ʻia e like me ka palapala hemolele na Éek'Báalam a me Coch CalBalam. Hoʻohālikelike ia i nā hanana 45 mai ka wā, e like me ka acropolis, kahi hale pōʻai, kahi pā kinipōpō, ʻelua mau pyramid māhoe, a me kahi pio ma ka puka pā.
8. Kabah. Mai ka "lima paʻakikī" Maya, ʻo Kabah kahi kikowaena hanana nui i haʻi ʻia kona inoa i loko o nā puke moʻolelo Maya. ʻIke ʻia ʻo Kabahuacan a i ʻole "Royal Serpent in hand." Me ka ʻāpana o 1.2 km²Ua haʻalele ʻia kēia wahi archaeological ma Yucatan, Mekiko, e ka poʻe Mayan (a i ʻole ma ke ʻano he mau kikowaena lawelawe i hana ʻia i loko ona) he mau kenekulia ma mua o ka pio ʻana o Sepania. ʻO kahi ala hele wāwae 18 km ka lōʻihi a 5 m ākea e pili ana i ka pūnaewele me ke kūlanakauhale o Uxmal.
9. Uxmal. ʻO ke kūlanakauhale Maya ma ka wā kahiko a i kēia lā kekahi o nā wahi archaeological nui ʻekolu o kēia moʻomeheu, me Tikal a me Chichen-itzá. Aia ma Yucatán, Mekiko, hōʻike ʻia nā hale ʻo Puuc, a me ka hana Maya a me nā hana haipule, e like me nā masks o ke akua Chaac (ka ua) a me nā hōʻike o ka moʻomeheu Nahua, e like me nā kiʻi o Quetzalcoátl. Eia hou, aia ka Pyramid o ka mea hoʻokalakupua, me nā pae ʻelima, a me ka Hale Aliʻi o ke Kiaʻāina nona ka ʻili i ʻoi aku ma mua o 1200m².
10. ʻO Chichen-Itza. Ua unuhi kona inoa ma Mayan i ka "waha o ka luawai" a ʻo ia kekahi o nā wahi archaeological nui o ka moʻomeheu Maya, aia ma Yucatan, Mexico. Aia kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o ka hoʻokalakupua ʻana i nā hale me nā luakini nui, e like me Kukulcán, kahi ʻano Maya no Quetzalcoátl, kahi akua Toltec. Hōʻike kēia i noho ʻia e nā lāhui like ʻole i nā makahiki āpau, ʻoiai kona mau hale i hele mai i ka hopena o ka wā Maya Maya. I ka makahiki 1988 ua hoʻolaha ʻia he moʻomeheu moʻomeheu o ka lāhui kanaka a ma 2007 ua komo ka luakini o Kukulcán i loko o ka New Seven Keaukaha o ka Honua Hou.