20 Nā laʻana o Coenzymes - 'Ōuli

Wikiō: Enzyme cofactors and coenzymes | Biology | Khan Academy

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Nā laʻana o nā coenzymes

ʻO ka coenzymes a i ʻole cosubstrates he ʻano liʻiliʻi lākou o moleola kūlohelohe, o kahi ʻano protein ʻole, nona ka hana i ke kino e halihali i nā hui kemika kikoʻī ma waena o nā ʻenemi like ʻole, me ka ʻole o ka ʻāpana o ka hanana. He hana hoʻoulu ia e hoʻopau ai i nā coenzymes, i hana mau ʻia e ka metabolism, e ʻae ana i ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka pōʻaiapuni a me ka hoʻololi o nā hui kemika me ka palena iki o ka hoʻokomo waiwai kemika a me ka ikehu.

Aia kekahi ākea ākea o nā coenzymes, kekahi o nā mea maʻamau i nā ʻano āpau o ke ola. ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou he mau wikamina a i ʻole mai lākou mai.

E nānā pū: Nā laʻana o ka Enzymes (a me kā lākou hana)

Nā laʻana o nā coenzymes

ʻO Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH a me NAD +). ʻO ka mea i komo i nā hopena redox, loaʻa kēia coenzyme i nā mea āpau nā pūnaewele nā mea ola, ma ke ʻano NAD + (hana ʻia mai ka palaoa mai ka tryptophan a i ʻole aspartic acid), kahi mea hoʻoweliweli a me ka mea loaʻa uila; aiʻole e like me NADH (huahana hana hoʻohaʻahaʻa oxidation), e hoʻemi ana i ka mea lawelawe a me ka mea hāʻawi uila.
ʻO Coenzyme A (CoA). ʻO ka kuleana no ka lawe ʻana i nā hui acyl i pono no nā pōʻaiapule metabolic (e like me ka synthes a me ka hoʻowaiwai ʻana o nā waikawa momona), he coenzyme manuahi ia i loaʻa mai i ka huaʻai B5. ʻO ka ʻai, nā ʻalalā a me nā hua moa i nā meaʻai i waiwai i kēia wikamina.
Tetrahydrofolic acid (Coenzyme F). ʻIke ʻia ʻo coenzyme F a FH paha₄ a loaʻa mai ka folic acid (Wikamina B₉), mea nui i ka pōʻaiapuni o ka synthesity o nā amino acid a me ka purine, ma o ka lawe ʻia ʻana o ka methyl, formyl, methylene a me nā hui formimino. ʻO kahi hemahema o kēia coenzyme ke kumu o ka anemia.
ʻO Wikamina K. Hoʻopili ʻia me ke kumu o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ke koko, hana ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoulu i nā protein plasma like ʻole a me ka osteocalcin. Loaʻa ʻia i loko o ʻekolu ala: Vitamin K₁, nui i nā papaʻai āpau a me nā kumu o nā mea kanu; ʻO Wikamina K₂ o ke kumu koʻohune a me ka wikamina K₃ o ke kumu synthetic.
ʻO Cofactor F420. Loaʻa mai ka flavin a me ka mea komo i ka lawe ʻana o nā electrons i nā hopena detox (redox), mea nui ia no nā kaʻina hana he nui o ka methanogenesis, sulfitoreduction a me ka detoxification oxygen.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mole e nā mea ola a pau e hānai i ka ikehu i kā lākou nā hopena kemika a hoʻohana ʻia i ka synthesis o RNA pūnaewele. ʻO ia ka mole hoʻololi i ka ikehu mai kekahi cell a i kekahi.
S-adenosyl methionine (SAM). Hoʻopili ʻia i ka hoʻololi o nā hui methyl, ua ʻike ʻia no ka manawa mua ma 1952. Hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo ATP a me methionine, a hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he adjuvant i ka pale ʻana iā Alzheimer. I ke kino hana ʻia a hoʻopau ʻia e nā hunaola ate.
ʻO Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). Kapa ʻia kekahi sapropterin a i ʻole BH₄, he coenzyme pono ia no ka synthesis o nitric oxide a me nā hydroxylases o nā amino acid ʻala. Hoʻopili ʻia kona hemahema i ka nalo ʻana o nā neurotransmitters e like me dopamine a i ʻole serotonin.
ʻO Coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone). ʻIke ʻia ia hoʻi ʻo ubidecarenone a i ʻole coenzyme Q, a he mea maʻamau ia kokoke i nā pūnaewele mitochondrial e kū nei. He mea nui ia no ka hanu ʻana i ke kolamu aerobic, e hoʻoulu ana i 95% o ka ikehu i ke kino o ke kanaka ma ke ʻano he ATP. Ua manaʻo ʻia he antioxidant a koi ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he mea kōkua dietary, ʻoiai i ka wā ʻelemakule hiki ʻole ke synthesize i kēia coenzyme.
ʻO Glutathione(GSH). ʻO kēia tripeptide kahi antioxidant a me ka pale pale pale e kūʻē i nā radical manuahi a me nā mea ʻino ʻē aʻe. Hoʻohui maoli ʻia ia i ke akepaʻa, akā hiki i nā huna kanaka āpau ke hana iā ia mai nā amino acid ʻē aʻe, e like me glycine. Ua manaʻo ʻia he mea kōkua nui ia i ka hakakā ʻana me ka maʻi diabetes, nā ʻano hana like ʻole a me nā maʻi neurological.
Wikamina C (ascorbic acid). ʻO kahi kō kō e hana like ikaika antioxidant a ʻo ka mea nona ka inoa mai ka maʻi e kumu ai kona hemahema, kāhea ʻia scurvy. ʻO ke kōmike o kēia coenzyme he pipiʻi a paʻakikī hoʻi, no laila pono pono ka lawe ʻana ma o ka papaʻai.
Wikamina B₁ (thiamine). Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻo Molecule i ka wai a ʻaʻohe hiki ʻole ke inu i ka waiʻona, pono i ka papaʻai o nā mea āpau vertebrates a me nā mea hou aʻe meaolaola, no ka metabolism o ʻākoʻakoʻa. ʻO kona hemahema i ke kino o ke kanaka e alakaʻi i nā maʻi beriberi a me ka maʻi Korsakoff.
ʻO Biocytin. Indispensable i ka hoʻolilo o carbon dioxide, kū maoli ia i ke koko serum a me ka mimi. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i ka noiʻi ʻepekema ma ke ʻano he tincture no nā hunaola nerve.
Wikamina B₂ (riboflavin). ʻO kēia pigment melemele ka kī i ka meaʻai o nā holoholona, ʻoiai koi ʻia e nā flavoproteins āpau a me ka ikehu metabolism, o lipids, nā haʻalulu, protein a me nā amino acids. Hiki ke loaʻa kūlohelohe mai ka waiū, raiki, a me nā mea kanu ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
Wikamina B₆ (pyridoxine). Hoʻopau ʻia ka coenzyme hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e ka wai ma o ka mimi, no laila pono ia e hoʻololi ʻia ma o ka papaʻai: germ germ, cereals, egg, fish and legume, i waena o nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe. Hoʻopili ʻia i loko o ka metabolism o nā neurotransmitters a he kūlana koʻikoʻi kona i ke kaapuni ikehu.
ʻAkika lipoic. Loaʻa mai ka octanoic fatty acid, pili ia i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka glucose a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana o nā antioksidants he nui. Pili ia i nā mea kanu.
Wikamina H (biotin). ʻIʻike ʻia ʻo Vitamin B₇ a i ʻole B₈, mea nui ia no ka haki ʻana o kekahi mau momona a me nā amino acid, a synthesize ʻia e ka lehulehu koʻohune ʻōpū
ʻO Coenzyme B. He mea nui ia i nā hopena redox maʻamau o ka hanauna o ka methane e ke ola microbial.
ʻO Cytidine triphosphate. ʻO ke kī i ka metabolism o nā mea ola, he moleola kūlia kiʻekiʻe, like ia me ATP. He mea nui ia no ka synthesize o DNA a me RNA.
Nūkō Nucleotide. ʻO nā mea hāʻawi kō monosaccharides, mea nui i ke kumukānāwai o nā nucleic acid e like me DNA a i ʻole RNA, ma o nā kaʻina esterification.