ʻO nā kaiaolaola kūlohelohe

Anter

• Kūlohelohe a me Arthetic
• Nā ʻano o nā kaiaolaola kūlohelohe
• Nā laʻana o nā kaiaolaola kūlohelohe
• Nā laʻana o nā kaiaolaola

ʻO ka nā kaiaolaola he ʻōnaehana lākou o nā mea ola i kahi i hāʻawi ʻia.

Aia lākou i:

• ʻO Biocenosis: Kapa ʻia kekahi kaiāulu biotic. ʻO ia ke set o nā meaola (mea ola) e noho like ana ma ka wahi like o nā kūlana like. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o nā mea ʻelua flora a me nā holoholona.
• ʻO Biotope: He wahi kikoʻī ia i kūlike ke ʻano o ke kaiapuni. ʻO ia kahi wahi nui no ka biocenosis.

Kūpilikiʻi kēlā me kēia kaiaolaola no ka mea pili pū kekahi pūnaewele o nā pilina ma waena o nā ʻano meaola like ʻole a me kēlā mau meaola me ka kumu abiotic, e like me ka māmā, ka makani a i ʻole nā ​​mea inert o ka lepo.

Kūlohelohe a me Arthetic

• Nā kaiaolaola kūlohelohe: ʻO lākou nā mea e hoʻomohala me ka hana ʻole o ke kanaka. ʻOi aku lākou i nā mea ʻokoʻa ma mua o nā mea i hana ʻia a ua hoʻokaʻawale nui ʻia.
• Nā kaiaolaola: Hana ʻia lākou e ka hana a ke kanaka a ʻaʻole i kū ma mua i ke kūlohelohe.

Nā ʻano o nā kaiaolaola kūlohelohe

ECOSYSTEMS AQUATIC

• Kai kai: ʻO ia kekahi o nā kaiaolaola mua, ʻoiai ke ola o ka honua i ala aʻe i ke kai. ʻOi aku ke kūpaʻa ma mua o ke kaiaolaola a i ʻole nā ​​kaiaola honua, no ka lohi o ka hoʻololi o ka mahana. Hiki iā:
  • Photic: Ke loaʻa i ke kaiaolaola kai ka lawa o ka malamalama, hiki iā ia ke komo i nā mea kanu i hiki ke photosynthesis, e pili ana i ke koena o ke kaiaolaola, ʻoiai nā meaola i hiki ke hana i nā meaola mai nā mea inorganic. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē, hoʻomaka lākou i ka kaulahao meaʻai. ʻO lākou nā kaiaolaola o nā kahakai, nā koʻa, nā waha o ka muliwai, a pēlā aku.
  • Aphotic: ʻAʻole lawa ka malamalama no ka photosynthesis, no laila nele kēia mau kaiaola i nā mea kanu photosynthetic. Aia ka oxygen liʻiliʻi, nā mahana haʻahaʻa a me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe.ʻIke ʻia kēia mau kaiaolaola i ke kai hohonu, i nā wahi abyssal, i ka ʻauwaha kai a me ka hapa nui o ka moana.
• Wai ʻono: ʻO lākou nā muliwai a me nā loko.
  • Lotic: Nā kahawai, nā kahawai a i ʻole nā ​​pūawai. ʻO lākou a pau kahi o ka wai e hana ai i kahi au unidirectional, e hōʻike nei i kahi mokuʻāina o ka loli mau o ke kino a me nā ʻano micro-habitat (nā wahi me nā ʻano heterogeneous).
  • Lentic: Lagos, lagoons, nāʻauwai a me nā kahawai. He kino wai lākou ma kahi ʻaʻohe o nā au mau.

Nā ECOSYSTEMS TERRESTRIAL

ʻO kēlā mau mea e hoʻomohala ai ka biocenosis i ka lepo a i ʻole ka papa ʻāina. Pili nā ʻano o kēia mau kaiaola i ka wela, ka mahana, ke kiʻekiʻe (ke kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka pae kai) a me ka latitude (kokoke i ka Equator).

• ʻO Woods: Hoʻopili i nā ululāʻau, nā ululāʻau maloʻo, nā ululāʻau mahana, nā ululāʻau, a me nā ululāʻau subtropical.
• Laulā: He mau mea kanu kanu ko lākou. Hiki iā lākou ke ulu, xerophilous a i ʻole moorland.
• Mauʻu: Kahi e nui aku ai ka nui o nā mea kanu ma mua o nā laʻalāʻau a me nā kumulāʻau. Hiki iā lākou ke lilo i nā prairies, savannas a i ʻole steppes.
• Tundra: Kahi e loaʻa ai nā moʻo, nā laikini, nā mea kanu a me nā laʻalā liʻiliʻi i nā helu nui aku. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi subsoil paʻahau.
• Waonahele: Hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou i nā aniau subtropical a i ʻole tropical tropical, akā i loko o nā pale hau.

HYBRID ECOSYSTEMS

ʻO lākou kēlā mau mea, ke kahe ʻia, hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he terrestrial a i ʻole ka wai.

Nā laʻana o nā kaiaolaola kūlohelohe

1. Kahawai (wai, ʻono, lotic): He kahawai e kahe mau akā me kahi kahe haʻahaʻa ma mua o kahi kahawai, ʻo ia ke kumu e nalowale ai i nā kumu maloʻo. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻokele maʻamau, koe wale nā ​​mea i loaʻa kahi pali haʻahaʻa a me kahi kahe nui. Akā i kekahi hihia, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā waʻapā liʻiliʻi loa, e like me nā waʻa a i ʻole nā ​​kaupoku. Loaʻa i nā kahawai nā wahi i kapa ʻia ʻo nā forows kahi pāpaʻu a hiki ke hele ʻia i ka wāwae. I loko o lākou hiki ke ola i nā iʻa liʻiliʻi, nā crustacean a me ka lehulehu o nā kolo a poʻe amphibians. ʻO nā mea kanu nā limu wai hou.
2. Ululāʻau maloʻo (terrestrial, nahele): kapa ʻia ia he xerophilous, hiemisilva a i ʻole ulu lāʻau maloʻo. He kaiaolaola ulu lāʻau o ke ana waena. ʻOi aku ka pōkole o nā kau ua ma mua o nā kau maloʻo, no laila, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hilinaʻi i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai e ulu, e like me nā lāʻau deciduous (nalowale kā lākou lau a no laila ʻaʻole e nalowale ka nui o ka wai. Loaʻa lākou ma waena o nā ululāʻau a waonahele aiʻole mau pale. Mahanahana kona mau mahana ma loko o ka makahiki. Noho nā mōneka, dia, nā pōpoki, nā ʻano manu like ʻole a me nā ʻoki i kēia mau ulu lāʻau.
3. Wao akua (ʻāina wao akua): He one nui ka lepo, kahi e hana ʻia ai nā puʻu e ka hana a ka makani. Nā laʻana kikoʻī ʻo:

a) Waonahele ʻo Kalahari: ʻoiai he wao nahele, ʻike ʻia ia e nā ʻano holoholona like ʻole, me nā rodents, nā antelope, nā giraffes a me nā liona.
b) Desert Sahara: ʻO ka wao nahele mehana. Aia ma mua o 9 miliona mau kilomika kilomika o ka ʻili (kahi e like me ko Kina a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa), e uhi ana i ka hapa nui o ʻApelika ʻĀkau.

1. Wao akua (ʻāina wao akua): Hana ʻia kona lepo i ka pōhaku a me nā pōhaku. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Hamada. Aia ke one akā ʻaʻole ia he puʻu, no ka mea liʻiliʻi. ʻO kahi laʻana ka wao akua ʻo Draa, ma ka hema o Morocco.
2. Wao akua Polar (ʻāina wao akua): Hana ʻia ka honua i ka hau. Heʻuʻuku ka ua a paʻakai ka wai, no laila e pono i nā holoholona (e like me nā polar bear) ke loaʻa nā wai kūpono mai nā holoholona ponoʻī a lākou e ʻai ai. Aia nā mahana ma lalo o nā kekelē zero. Kapa ʻia kēia ʻano wao akua ʻo indlandsis.
3. Kai lalo (kai aphotic): Aia ia ma kahi i kapa ʻia "hadal", aia ia ma lalo o ka wahi abyssal, ʻo ia ka hohonu o ke kai: ʻoi aku ma mua o 6,000 mika ka hohonu. Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻole o nā kaomi a me nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe, ua liʻiliʻi loa nā mea momona i loaʻa. ʻAʻole i lawa ka mākaʻikaʻi o kēia mau kaiaolaola, no laila aia wale nō kuhiakau ʻaʻole i hōʻoia ʻia ma luna o kona mau kamaʻāina. Manaʻo ʻia ola lākou i ke aloha i ka hau kai, ʻo ia nā meaola i hāʻule i ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana mai nā papa superficial o ka moana a i lalo.

Desert Sandy Nui: Aia ia ma ke komohana ʻākau o Australia. Aia ma waena o kāna mau holoholona nā kāmelo, dingoes, goannas, nā moʻo a me nā manu.

1. Marsh (hybrid): Hoʻokomo ia i loko o kahi kaumaha i ka ʻāina e pili ana i ke kai. ʻO ka maʻamau kēia kaumaha Hoʻokumu ʻia ia e ka hele ʻana o kahi muliwai, ʻo ia ke kumu e huikau ai ka wai hou a me ka paʻakai ma ia wahi. He ʻāina wai ia, ʻo ia hoʻi, kahi o ka ʻāina i kahe pinepine ʻia a i ʻole paʻa mau paha. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa maoli ʻia ka lepo me ka silt, pālolo a me ke one. ʻO nā mea kanu wale i hiki ke ulu i kēia kaiaolaola nā mea hiki ke kū i ka paʻakai i ka wai kokoke i 10%. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻokoʻa loa nā holoholona, ​​mai meaola microscopic e like me benthos, nekton a me plankton i mollusks, crustacean, iʻa a me nā lāpaki.
2. Anuu Continental (kiʻi kai): ʻO ka biotope o kēia kaiaolaola ka ʻāpana neritite, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke kahakai kai kokoke i ke kahakai akā ʻaʻohe pili pololei me ia. Manaʻo ʻia mai 10 mika hohonu a 200 mika. Noho paʻa ka mahana i kēia kaiaola. Ma muli o ka nui o nā holoholona, ​​ʻo ia ka wahi i makemake ʻia no ka lawaiʻa ʻana. Nui a ʻano ʻokoʻa hoʻi ka flora no ka hiki ʻana o ka lā me ka lawa pono e ʻae ai i ka photosynthesis.
3. Meadow tropika (terrestrial, grassland): ʻO nā mea ulu nui nā mauʻu, nā ʻohe a me nā mauʻu. I loko o kēlā me kēia mau kula nui ma mua o 200 mau ʻano mauʻu. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka mea maʻamau ka mea nui a ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau ʻano. Aia i waena o nā holoholona nā mea ulu lāʻau a me nā manu.
4. ʻO Siberian tundra (terrestrial tundra): Loaʻa ia ma ke kapakai ʻākau o Lūkia, ma Siberia Komohana, ma ke kahakai o ka Moana Arctic. Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi o ka lā e hōʻea i kēia latitude, ua hoʻomohala ʻia kahi kaiaolaola tundra, e pili ana i kahi ulu lāʻau a me ka spruce.

Nā laʻana o nā kaiaolaola

1. Wailele: Ke kūkulu ʻana i mea kanu hydropower Kūkulu ʻia kahi loko ʻino hana e ka pani ʻana i kahi moena muliwai a hoʻonui ʻia. Hoʻololi nui ʻia nā kaiaolaola ma mua ma muli o nā kaiaola terestrial a lilo lākou i nā kaiaolaola wai ke kahe mau ʻia lākou a ʻo kekahi ʻāpana o ke kaiaolaola lotic o ka muliwai i lilo i ka kaiaolaola lentic.
2. Nā ʻāina mahiʻai: He ʻāina momona kona biotope. He kaiaolaola kēia i hana ʻia e ke kanaka no 9,000 mau makahiki. Aia kekahi ʻano o nā kaiaolaola, ʻaʻole pili wale i ka ʻAno hua akā ʻo ke ala o ka mahi ʻana: inā ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia nā mea momona, inā hoʻohana ʻia nā agrochemicals, etc. ʻO nā mālaola i kapa ʻia he māla o nā mea kanu i hoʻohana ʻole i nā kemika hana akā e kāohi i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea kolo ma o nā mea i loaʻa mai nā mea kanu iā lākou iho. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, i nā māla o nā mea kanu ʻoihana, aia nā meaola āpau i kēia manawa i lalo o ka kaohi nui, ma o nā kemika e pale i ka ulu ʻana o kahi ʻāpana nui o nā meaola, koe wale nō nā mea i mahi ʻia.
3. Wehe i nā lua lua: Ke loaʻa kahi waiho o kahi mea waiwai i kekahi ʻāina, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma o ka hoʻouku opencast. ʻOiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia ʻano o ka mining ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe, hoʻopili nui ia i ke kaiaolaola, e hana ana i kāna ponoʻī. Lawe ʻia nā mea kanu ma ka ʻili, a me nā papa o luna o ka pōhaku. ʻAʻole ola nā mea kanu i kēia mau mines, akā hiki ke loaʻa nā insect a me ka lehulehu o nā microorganism. Ma muli o ka hoʻololi mau i ka lepo o nā mines, ʻaʻohe holoholona e noho.
4. Hale kōmahana: He ʻano kikoʻī lākou o ka ulu ʻana o ke kaiaolaola kahi i kiʻekiʻe ai nā mahana a me ka wai, e hoʻohana ana i ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi o ka ikehu lā i kahi wahi palena. ʻAʻole pili kēia kaiaolaola, ʻokoʻa i nā māla hua, e ka makani, ka ua a i ʻole ka mahana, no ka mea, kaohi ʻia kēia mau mea āpau (ka neʻe ʻana o ka ea, ka wai, ka mahana) e ke kanaka.
5. Nā māla: ʻO lākou nā kaiaolaola e like me nā nāhelehele, akā me ka nui o ka flora a me nā holoholona, ​​ʻoiai ua koho ʻia ka flora e ke kanaka a ʻo ka holoholona wale nō nā mea kolo, nā koʻokoʻo liʻiliʻi a me nā manu.
6. Nā kahawai: Hiki iā lākou ke hana kūpale ʻia mai kahi kumu kūlohelohe (kahi kahawai a i ʻole kahi loko) a i ʻole hana ʻino (pumped water). Ua ʻeli ʻia kahi kahawai me ke ʻano i makemake ʻia a hōʻoia i kahi pali i ke ala kūpono. Hiki ke uhi ʻia ke kahawai me nā pōhaku a i ʻole nā ​​ʻiliʻili e hōʻoia i ka luku ʻia ʻana mai ka hele ʻana o ka wai ʻaʻole e hoʻololi i ke ʻano i hoʻolālā ʻia. Hoʻomaka ke kaiaolaola o kēia mau kahawai hana me nā microorganism a ka wai e lawe pū ai, e waiho ana i nā limu ma lalo a me nā ʻaoʻao o ka muliwai a ʻumeʻume i nā kolo. Inā kūlohelohe ke kumu, loaʻa pū nā holoholona (iʻa a me nā crustacean) i noho i ke kaiaolaola o ke kumu.
7. Ke kaona kaiāulu: ʻO nā kaona a me nā kūlanakauhale ke ʻano o nā kaiaola i noho ʻole ma mua o ka hana a ke kanaka. ʻO kēia mau kaiaolaola ka mea i hoʻololi i ka hapa nui i nā kenekulia i hala iho nei, e hoʻololi nui ana i nā ʻano i noho i loko o lākou, a me nā mea abiotic e launa pū me lākou. ʻO ka mea wale nō i koe i hoʻololi ʻole ka kiʻekiʻe o nā kānaka, ʻoiai ke hoʻonui nei kēia. ʻO nā lepo o nā kaona ʻelua a me nā kūlanakauhale i hana ʻia i nā mea hana hana (me ka hoʻemi ʻia o "nā wahi ʻōmaʻomaʻo" me nā lepo kūlohelohe). Hoʻolahalaha kēia kaiaola i luna o ka honua i ka lewa akā ma lalo hoʻi o ka honua, e kūkulu ana i nā hale, nā waihona wai, nā ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe, a pēlā aku. ʻO nā mea ʻino ma muli o ka lehulehu o ka lehulehu i kēia kaiaolaola.

• E hāhai me: Laʻana Ecosystem