Anter
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) he ʻepekema ʻItalia o ka kenekulia 16, pili pili loa i ka Scientific Revolution i ʻike ʻia e ke Komohana i loko o kēlā kenekulia, ma muli o kāna mau hāʻawi i nā hana physics, astronomy, ʻenekinia a me ka makemakika. Ua hōʻike ʻo ia i ka hoihoi i nā hana noʻeau (mele, pena, paʻi puke) a noʻonoʻo ʻia i nā ʻano he nui ka makua kāne o ka ʻepekema hou.
ʻO ke keiki a kahi ʻohana no nā aliʻi haʻahaʻa, ua aʻo ʻo ia ma ke Kulanui o Pisa, Italia, kahi i aʻo ai ʻo ia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, akā ʻo ka makemakika a me ka physics. e lilo i mea ukali iā Euclides, Pythagoras, Plato a me Archimedes, no laila ke neʻe nei mai nā kūlana Aristotelian e kū nei.. Ma hope ua hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he polofesa kulanui ma Pisa a me Padua, ma ke ʻano ʻoi aku ka manuahi, ʻoiai no ka Lepupalika ʻo Venice kahi i ikaika ʻole ai ka Nīnau.
ʻO kāna ʻoihana ʻepekema ʻoi loa a nani hoʻi i nā mea i ʻike ʻia, a me nā hōʻoia ʻana i ke kiʻina hana i hoʻopau i ka hapa nui o nā mea i mālama ʻia no kekahi mau mea e pili ana i ka honua i kēlā manawa. ʻO kēia ka mea i hoʻowalewale i ka ʻInikua Hemolele o ka hale pule Katolika e hoʻolohe i kā lākou kuikahi a me nā paʻi ʻana., e hoʻohewa nei i ka manaʻo Copernican (heliocentric, kūʻē i ka geocentrism) e pale aku ʻo Galilei ma ke ʻano he "lapuwale, kahi lapuwale i ka akeakamai a me ka heretical formally".
Ua koi ʻia e hōʻike i nā hopena o kāna mau hoʻokolohua ma ke ʻano he kuhiakau a hōʻike ʻole i kahi hōʻike i kāna makemake. ua hoʻopaʻi ʻia i ka makahiki 1616 a ua hoʻopaʻi hewa ʻia i ka makahiki 1633 ma muli o nā kumu o ke kūʻē. I ka wā o ke kaʻina hana, koi lākou iā ia e haʻi i kāna mau lawehala ma lalo o ka hoʻoweliweli o ka hoʻomāinoino a e hoʻoliʻiliʻi lehulehu i kāna mau manaʻo, a hana ʻo ia i mea e lilo ai kāna ʻōlelo i ka hale paʻahao i ka hale paʻahao.
Wahi a ka kuʻuna, ke koi ʻia e ʻae i ka lehulehu ʻaʻole neʻe ka honua (ʻoiai ʻo ia ke kikowaena o ke ao e like me nā manaʻo Aristotelian), ua hoʻohui ʻo Galilō i ka pale "Eppur si muove” (Eia naʻe, neʻe) ma ke ʻano he ala hope loa e kākoʻo i kāu mau ʻepekema i ka alo o ka censorship eccourse.
E make ʻo ia ma Arcetri i ka makahiki 77, hoʻopuni ʻia e kāna mau haumāna a makapō loa.
Nā laʻana o nā haʻawina a Galileo Galilei
- Hemolele i ka teleskopa. ʻOiai ʻaʻole i haku pono ia, no ka mea, i ka makahiki 1609, ua loaʻa ʻo Galileo iā ia iho ka nūhou o ke ʻano o kahi mea i hana ʻia e ʻae iā mākou e ʻike i nā mea i kahi mamao loa, he mea maikaʻi ke ʻōlelo ʻana ua hāʻawi nui ʻo Galileo i ka hana teleskope e like me kā mākou e ʻike nei. Na 1610 ka ʻepekema iā ia iho i hōʻoia ua kūkulu ʻoi aku ma mua o 60 mau mana o ia mea, ʻaʻole holo pono nā mea āpau a i kekahi manawa, hōʻike iā ia i ka hilahila i mua o nā luna. Eia naʻe, ʻo kā lākou ka mea i loaʻa ke kiʻi pololei o ka mea i nānā ʻia, mahalo i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā aniani aniani i ka maka maka.
- E ʻike i ke kānāwai o isochrony o nā pendulo. Kāhea ʻia ke kumu alakaʻi o ka pendulum dynamics, no laila he maikaʻi ke ʻōlelo ua loaʻa iā Galilō e like me ka maopopo iā lākou i kēia lā. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i kumumanaʻo e hōʻike ana i ka oscillation o kahi pendulo o kahi lōʻihi i hāʻawi ʻia he kūʻokoʻa ia i ka palena nui e neʻe ai mai ka helu kaulike. ʻO kēia kumumanaʻo o ka isochronism, a ua hoʻāʻo ʻo ia e noi iā ia no ka manawa mua i nā ʻano o nā uaki.
- Kūkulu i ka thermoscope mua i ka mōʻaukala. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia i ka makahiki 1592 e Galileo, kēia ʻano thermometer imprecise i hiki ke wehewehe i nā piʻina a hāʻule i ka mahana, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia e ʻae e ana iā lākou a noi paha i kekahi ʻano o ka pālākiō. Eia nō naʻe, he holomua nui ia no ka manawa, a me ke kumu no kekahi ʻenehana ana wela. I kēia lā mālama ʻia lākou, akā ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻonaninani.
- Lawe i ke kānāwai no ka neʻe wikiwiki. ʻIke ʻia i kēia lā e kēia inoa i kekahi ʻano neʻe e ʻike ʻia i ke kino, hoʻonui ka wikiwiki i ka manawa ma nā wā maʻamau a me nā helu maʻamau. Ua hōʻea ʻo Galileo i kēia ʻike ʻana ma o ke kaʻina o nā makemakika theorem a me nā kuhiakau, a ua ʻōlelo ʻia, ka nānā ʻana i kahi pōhaku e hāʻule ana, ka mea e hoʻonui pinepine ai i ka manawa i ka manawa.
- Ua pale aku ʻo ia a hōʻoia i nā manaʻo Copernican ma luna o ka poʻe Aristotelian. Kuhi pololei kēia i ka hiʻona geocentric i hāpai ʻia e Aristotle i ʻekolu haneli mau makahiki ma mua o Kristo, a i ʻae ʻia e ka Ekalesia Katolika, no ka mea ua kūlike ia me kāna mau papa hana hoʻokumu. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, pale aku ʻo Galileo i ka puke kākau o Nicolás Copernicus, ka mea nona ke kikowaena o ke ao holoʻokoʻa i ʻole ka honua, kahi e puni ai nā hōkū, akā ʻo ka lā: ka thesis heliocentric. ʻO kēia pale ma o nā hoʻokolohua like ʻole e like me ka nānā ʻana i ka mahina, nā kai eʻe, nā hanana ʻē aʻe o ke ao holoʻokoʻa a me ka hānau ʻana o nā hōkū hou (nova), e hoʻomaʻau ʻia ai ʻo Galileo e nā pūʻali o ka Ekalesia a me kāna ʻepekema he nui.
- Hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ke ola o nā kuahiwi ma ka mahina. ʻO kēia hōʻoia, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hōʻike ana i kona hoihoi i ka hōkū, aia ma hope, ʻoiaʻiʻo, ma hope o ka hana ʻana i ka teleskopa, kahi mea i hoʻololi i ke ola o ka Italia. ʻO ka nānā ʻana o nā kuahiwi o ka mahina i kūʻē i nā kuʻuna Aristotelian o ka hemolele o ka lani, e like me ka mahina a me ka hoʻololi ʻole o ka mahina. ʻOiai ʻo ka hiki ʻole ke helu pono i kona ana, no ka hiki ʻole ke ʻike i ka mamao ma waena o ka honua a me ka mahina i kēlā manawa.
- E ʻike i nā satelite o Iupita. ʻO paha paha kā Galileo mea i ʻike nui ʻia, no laila ua ʻike ʻia nā mahina ʻo Jupiter i kēia lā ʻo nā "satelite Galilaia": Io, Europa, Callisto, Ganymede. Ua kipi kēia mākaʻikaʻi, mai ka hōʻoia ʻana e pili ana kēia mau mahina ʻehā a puni ka honua ʻē aʻe i hōʻike ʻia ʻaʻole puni nā hōkū lani i ka honua Honua, a ua hōʻike ʻia kēia i ka hewa o ke k gekohu geocentric i hakakā ʻia e Galileo.
- E aʻo i nā wahi lā. ʻO kēia mea i loaʻa ka mea hiki ke hōʻole i ka maikaʻi loa o ka lani, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻepekema o ka manawa i hāʻawi ʻia iā lākou i ke aka o kekahi mau planetoids ma waena o ka lā a me ka honua. ʻO ka hōʻike o kēia mau kiko i ʻae iā mākou e kuhi i ke kaʻapuni ʻana o ka Lā, a no laila ʻo ka Honua kekahi. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka hoʻohuli ʻana o ka Honua e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka manaʻo e neʻe puni ana ka Lā.
- Nānā i ke ʻano o ka Milky Way. Ke hana nei ʻo Galileo i nā ʻike i nā hōkū ʻē aʻe i kā mākou galaxy, ma loko o ke kikowaena o kāna teleskope haʻahaʻa. E nānā i nā nova (hōkū hou), e hōʻoia i ka nui o nā hōkū ʻike ʻia i ka lani he ʻōpuʻu o lākou, a i ʻole ʻike i nā apo o Saturn no ka manawa mua.
- E ʻike i nā pae o Venus. ʻO kēia ʻike ʻē aʻe, i ka makahiki 1610, ua hoʻokūpaʻa i ko Galileo manaʻoʻiʻo i ka ʻōnaehana Copernican, ʻoiai hiki ke ana ʻia ka nui o Venus a wehewehe ʻia e like me kona ala e puni ana i ka lā, kahi mea ʻole e like me ka ʻōnaehana Ptolemaic i pale ʻia e ka Jesuits., I ka mea a nā hōkū a puni ka Honua. Ke alo nei i kēia mau hōʻike kuhi hewa ʻole, he nui ka hapanui o kona mau hoa paio i puʻuhonua i nā kumumanaʻo o Tycho Brahe, kahi a ka Lā a me ka mahina e hoʻopuni ai i ka Honua a me ke koena o nā hoku a puni ka Lā.
