Anter
ʻO ka ʻākoʻakoʻa, ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano ʻākoʻakoʻa a i ʻole nā huehue, ʻo ia nā biomolecules pono e hāʻawi i ka ikehu i nā mea ola i kahi ala koke a me ke ʻano, ʻo ia ke kumu i noho ai lākou i ke ʻano o nā mea kanu, holoholona a ʻulā.
ʻO ka ʻākoʻakoʻa hana ʻia lākou hui pū ʻĀtoma Kalepona, Hydrogen a me Oxygen, hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o ke kaulahao kalapona a me nā hui i hoʻopili ʻia e like me ka carbonyl a i ʻole hydroxyl.
No laila ka huaʻōlelo "Kāpika" ʻAʻole pololei ia, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ia he nīnau no nā mole kalepona hydrated, akā pili ia ma muli o ka mea nui i ka ʻike mōʻaukala o kēia ʻano o nā mea hoʻohui kemika. Hiki iā lākou ke kapa ʻia he mau kō, nā saccharides, a i ʻole nā huaʻāʻā.
ʻO ka nā mea paʻa molakeke o nā huaʻale mana loa a ikaika loa (o ʻano covalent), ʻo ia ke kumu e hoʻokumu ai lākou i ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu i ka poʻokela o ke kemika o ke ola, e ʻāpana ana i nā biomolecules nui e like me protein a i ʻole lipids. Pēlā nō, lilo kekahi o lākou i ʻāpana nui o ka paia o ka pā kanu a me ka cuticle o nā arthropods.
E nānā pū: 50 mau laʻana o Carbohidrat
Māhele ʻia nā Carbohidates i:
- Nā Monosaccharides. Hoʻokumu ʻia e hoʻokahi mole mole kō.
- Nā disaccharides. Hoʻohui pū ʻia me nā mole kō.
- ʻO Oligosaccharides. Hana ʻia ʻekolu a ʻeiwa mau mole kō.
- ʻO Polysaccharides. ʻO nā kaulahao kō lōʻihi e pili ana i nā mole he nui a he polymers biology koʻikoʻi i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ka hale a i ʻole ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu.
Nā laʻana o nā huʻopaʻa a me kā lākou hana
- Glucose. ʻO ka mole Isomeric (hāʻawi ʻia me nā mea like akā ʻano ʻokoʻa ka hoʻolālā) o ka fructose, ʻo ia ka mea nui i hoʻohui ʻia ma ke ʻano, ʻoiai ʻo ia ke kumu nui o ka ikehu i ka pae cellular (ma o ka catabolic oxidation).
- Ribose. ʻO kekahi o nā molekiola nui no ke ola, he ʻāpana ia o nā poloka kūkulu o nā mea e like me ATP (adenosine triphosphate) a i ʻole RNA (ribonucleic acid), pono no ka hana hou ʻana o ka pūnaewele.
- ʻO Deoxyribose. ʻO ka pani o ka hui hydroxyl e kahi hydrogen atom e ʻae i ka ribose e lilo i deoxysugar, kahi mea nui e hoʻohui i nā nucleotides e hana i nā kaulahao DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) kahi i loaʻa ai ka ʻike generic o ka mea ola.
- Fructose. Aia i loko o nā hua a me nā lauʻai, he kaikuahine mole o ka glucose, a kahi a lākou e kō ai ke kō maʻamau.
- ʻO Glyceraldehyde. ʻO ia ke kō monosaccharide mua i loaʻa i ka photosynthesis, i ka wā o kona pōʻeleʻele (pōʻaiapuni ʻo Calvin). He pae waena ia i nā ala he nui o ke kō kō.
- Galactose. Hoʻohuli ʻia kēia kō maʻalahi i glucose i ke akepaʻa, no laila lawelawe ia me he halihali ikehu. Me kēia, hana pū ia i ka lactose i ka waiū.
- ʻO Glycogen. ʻAʻole hiki ke komo i loko o ka wai, nui kēia polysaccharide mālama i nā mākala, a i kahi liʻiliʻi i ke ake a me ka lolo. I nā kūlana o ka ikehu e pono ai, hoʻoheheʻe ke kino iā ia e ka hydrolysis i loko o ka glucose hou e hoʻopau.
- Lactose. Composed of the union of galactose and glucose, ʻo ia ke kō kō i ka waiū a me nā waiū waiū (tī, yogurt).
- ʻO Eritrosa. I kēia manawa i ka hana photosynthetic, aia ia i ke kūlohelohe e like me D-erythrose. He kō kōlea hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ke ʻano syrupy.
- Cellulose. I haku ʻia o nā kōmike glucose, ʻo ia ka biopolymer ʻoi loa o ka honua, me ka chitin. Hana ʻia nā olonā o nā paia o nā pā kanu o nā mea kanu, e hāʻawi ana iā lākou i ke kākoʻo, a ʻo ia ka mea maka o ka pepa.
- Pākaʻi. E like me ka glycogen e mālama ai i nā holoholona, hana ke starch no nā mea kanu. He a macromolecule o nā polysaccharides e like me amylose a me amylopectin, a ʻo ia ke kumu ikehu i hoʻopau nui ʻia e nā kānaka i kā lākou papaʻai maʻamau.
- Chitin. He aha ka cellulose e hana ai i nā hunaola, hana ʻo chitin i nā fungi a me nā arthropods, e hāʻawi ana iā lākou i ka ikaika o ka hanana (exoskeleton).
- Fucosa: ʻO Monosaccharide e lawelawe ana ma ke ʻano he heleuma no nā kaulahao kō a he mea nui ia no ka synthesic o fucoidin, kahi polysaccharide no ka hoʻohana lāʻau.
- Ramnosa. ʻO ka inoa mai ka mea kanu kahi i huki mua ʻia ai (Rhamnus fragula), he ʻāpana o ka pectin a me nā polymers mea kanu, a me nā microorganism e like me mycobacteria.
- Glucosamine. Hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he papaʻai papaʻai i ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi rheumatic, ʻo kēia amino-kō ka monosaccharide nui loa i loaʻa, aia i loko o nā paia o nā fungi a me nā pūpū o nā arthropods.
- Sacakarose. ʻIke ʻia hoʻi me ke kō maʻamau, ʻike nui ʻia ia i ke ʻano (ka meli, ka palaoa, kō kō, beets). A ʻo ia ka mea momona momona maʻamau i ka papaʻai kanaka.
- ʻO Stachyose. ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻai ʻia e nā kānaka, he huahana tetrasaccharide o ka hui ʻana o glucose, galactose a me fructose, i loaʻa i nā mea kanu a me nā mea kanu. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea ono maoli.
- Cellobiose. ʻO ke kō kōlua (ʻelua mau glucose) e ʻike ʻia i ka nalowale ʻana o ka wai mai ka cellulose (hydrolysis). ʻAʻole kūʻokoʻa ʻo ia i ke kūlohelohe.
- Matosa. ʻO ke kōpaʻa ʻo Malt, i hana ʻia i ʻelua mau mole glucose, loaʻa kahi ikehu kiʻekiʻe loa (a me ka glycemic), a loaʻa mai nā hua palaoa i kupu, a i ʻole hydrolysis o ka starch a me glycogen.
- Psycho. Monosaccharide laha ʻole i ke ʻano, hiki ke kaʻawale ʻia mai ka psychofuranin antibiotic.Hāʻawi ia i ka ikehu liʻiliʻi ma mua o ka sucrose (0.3%), ʻo ia ke kumu e noiʻi ʻia ai ma ke ʻano he papaʻai i pani ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi glycemic a me lipid.
Hiki iā lākou ke lawelawe iā ʻoe:
- Nā laʻana o Lipids
- He aha ka hana a nā polokina e hoʻokō ai?
- He aha nā mea kumumea?
