20 Nā laʻana o nā Mushroom - 'Ōuli

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Nā laʻana o nā lau

Inoa "ʻulā”He huaʻōlelo maʻamau no ke aupuni holoʻokoʻa o nā kānaka eukaryotes (nā ona o nā hunaola i ʻike ʻia) fungus, a ʻo ka mea maʻamau e pili pū me nā ʻalalā, nā popo a me nā mea hū (ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka kikoʻī o ka mua), no ka mea ʻokoʻa lākou i nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona i kā lākou hanana biochemical a me kā lākou ala o ka hānai ʻana a me ka hana hou ʻana.

ʻO kahi laʻana, nā lālā o ke aupuni fungus Hāʻawi ʻia lākou i nā hunaola me ka paia biochemical e like me nā mea kanu, akā ma kahi o ka cellulose, hana ʻia lākou i ka chitin, ka pūhui like i loaʻa i ka pūpū o nā ʻelala. I ka manawa like, hanau hou lākou i ka moekolohe a asexual, ma o ka hana 'ana i nā spores; He neʻe ʻole nā hale i loko o kā lākou ola a hānai ʻia ma o ka fermentation o nā meaola i nui a nā wahi noho like ʻole hiki

ʻO ka biodiversity o ka fungi he ākea loa, aia nā mea ʻai a me nā mea make ʻona, nā mea pīlali a me nā mea hihiu hihiu, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e ke kanaka, nā coprophile a me nā pyrophiles, akā ma ka laulā makemake lākou i nā kūlana kikoʻī o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa a me nā meaola e hoʻomohala. ʻO ia ke kumu e hiki ai ke loaʻa iā lākou mai nā wao nahele, nā wahi saline, i hōʻike ʻia i ka radiation ionizing a i ʻole ka papahele o nā ululāʻau tropical tropical.

ʻO ka lālā o ka ʻepekema i hoʻolaʻa ʻia i ke aʻo ʻana i kēia ʻano ʻano kanaka i kapa ʻia ʻo Mycology.

Nā laʻana o nā lau

ʻO nā mushroom maʻamau (ʻO Agaricus bisporus). Mea ʻai maikaʻi loa nā mea ʻai nā mea ʻai, nā mea maoli i ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hema, kahi ʻāpana o nā ʻano gastronomic he nui a mahi nui ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. He keʻokeʻo maʻamau ia, me kahi hypha pōkole a me kahi pāpale poepoe.
ʻO Reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum). ʻO ka fungus Parasitic o ka ʻili o nā ʻano kumu like ʻole o ka kumulāʻau, hāʻawi ʻia i nā ʻāpana tropical a me temperate, ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻalalā kahiko i ʻike ʻia. ʻO ka maʻa mau o nā kala e loli, me ka pāpale kuhi kuni a uhi ʻia me ka papa o ka lacquer.
Kūkākūkā huelo Tureke (Trametes versicolor). ʻO ka maʻamau a ʻano ʻokoʻa hoʻi i kāna pigmentation, ua manaʻo ʻia kēia makakiʻi huelo huelo e lāʻau lapaʻau ʻia e ka moʻomeheu Kina kahiko, a hoʻohana ʻia hoʻi ma ke ʻano immuno-aid e kūʻē i ka maʻi ʻaʻai. Māhuahua mau ia ma ka ʻili lāʻau pulu, nā pōhaku, a me nā pali.
Apricot ʻōmaʻomaʻo (Amanita phalloides). ʻO ka haʻalulu make weliweli, ka pāpale make a i ʻole ka hemlock ʻōmaʻomaʻo, kekahi o nā lālau holona ʻona ʻike nui ʻia. ʻOiai like loa me kekahi mau huaʻai e ʻai ʻia, ʻo ia ke kumu o ka make make ʻana, me nā hopena wikiwiki ma ke akepaʻa a me nā puʻupaʻa. He kino lahilahi a lōʻihi hoʻi ko lākou, me ka pāpale ākea a me ka pāpale melemele..
E nānā iā lākou (ʻO Lactarius deliciosus). Kapa ʻia kekahi mau chanterelles a i ʻole robellones, he mau momona momona ia ma Sepania, ʻano like me nā ulu lāʻau paina a me nā ulu lāʻau. Puka lākou i ke kau, me ke kino ʻeleʻele a keʻokeʻo me ka wāwae puha a pōkole hoʻi, a i ka wā e haki ai, e hūnā i kahi latex ʻalani. Hoʻomoʻa ʻia lākou i loko o nā mea ʻai a ma ke ʻano he mea hele i ka ʻiʻo.
ʻO ka "palaoa India" (Cyttaria harioti). ʻO Llao llao a i ʻole berena ʻInia, he fungus parasitic ia o kekahi mau lāʻau Patagonian pampas (ka ñire a me ka coihue i pili pū), o ka moku ʻo Chilean a me ʻAtekania ʻAmelika Hema. ʻAi lākou. ʻO kona helehelena keakea i nā davian savian o ka kumulāʻau a hana pinepine ka lāʻau i nā pihi e holo i ke kahakaha, kahi hōʻailona e ʻike ʻia o kona alo.
ʻO ka huitlacoche a i ʻole cuitlacoche (ʻO Ustilago maydis). ʻO ka fungus edible, parasite o ka palaoa, e hoʻouka i nā pepeiao ʻōpio a lawe i ke ʻano o ke ʻāhinahina hina e pouli ke oʻo. I Mekiko, manaʻo ʻia kona ʻai ʻana he hoʻoilina Aztec kūpuna, a hana ʻia nā kīʻaha he nui mai laila mai.
ʻO nā hua moa Mongui (Psilocybe semilanceata). ʻO ke ana ʻana ma waena o 2 a me 5 knm, me kahi pāpale keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo e lapalapa ana i ka wā e oʻo ai, hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mushroom hallucinogenic ʻEulopa ma ke ʻano he psychotropic. Kū'ē ka hopena i ka serotonin, e hoʻoulu ana i ka hoʻoulu a me ka extroverion i hiki ke alakaʻi pinepine i ka paranoia a me ka mania.
ʻO ka pompom wahaheʻe (Amanita muscaria). ʻO kahi fungus maʻamau, he ʻano ʻulaʻula kona ʻano i hiki ke kuhi hewa ʻia no ka oronja a i ka wā mua, ua uhi ʻia me nā lauoho keʻokeʻo. He hallucinogen a me neurotoxic i ʻike ʻia, kahi mea e hoʻomāinoino i nā mea kolo i pae i kona pāpale a pēlā e mālama ai i ke kumu o nā meaola.
Penicillin fungus (Penicillium chrysogenum). Mahalo i ka loiloi ʻole o kēia fungus i nā hopena hoʻokolohua a Alexander Fleming, ua ʻike mākou i ka antibiotic nui i ka mōʻaukala, penicillin. Aia kekahi ʻohana holoʻokoʻa o fungi hiki ke hūnā i kēia lāʻau lapaʻau.
ʻO Hud Ear (Auricularia auricula-judae). ʻO ka fungus edible e ulu ana ma ka ʻili a me nā lālā make o nā kumulāʻau a he ʻano poni kona ʻano, ʻo ia ke kumu e pili ai i kahi pinna kanaka. He mea ʻai kēia a he lāʻau ʻalopika a me nā anti-inflammatory.
Shitake(Hoʻoponopono Lentinula). ʻO ka mushroom edible i maʻa mau ʻia i nā kīʻaha ʻAsia, ʻike ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he "mushroom ulu ʻeleʻele" a i ʻole "mushroom pua" mai kā lākou mau inoa kūloko. Ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻōiwi ia no Kina, kahi i ulu mau ʻia ma ka lāʻau a i ʻole nā mea kanu synthetic. ʻO Iapana ka mea hana honua nui loa.
Nā truffle ʻeleʻele (ʻO Tuber melanosporum). ʻO kekahi ʻano ʻē aʻe o ka mushroom edible, mahalo nui ʻia ma muli o kona ʻala a me ka ʻono. Kū aʻe ia ma ka honua i nā hoʻoilo ʻEulopa a he ʻano ʻeleʻele kona, me kahi papa warty. ʻO ia kahi hoʻohui gastronomic maʻamau i nā foie gras a me nā mea ʻoki like ʻole.
Kanaka candida (ʻO Candida albicans). ʻIke ʻia kēia fungus ma ka waha, ka ʻōpū a me ka ʻōpū, a pili i ka digestion o nā kō ma o ka fermentation. Akā hiki ke lilo pinepine i pathogenic a hana a maʻi hū, kahi maʻi maʻamau a maʻalahi hiki ke hoʻōla ʻia.
Ka wāwae o Athlete (Epidermophyton floccosum). ʻO kēia fungus kekahi o nā kumu kūpono o ke aloha fungal o ka ʻili kanaka (ringworm), keu hoʻi ia, e like me ka mea o nā mea ʻālapa, hoʻokau ʻia i ka wela a me ka wela. Hana lākou i nā ʻalani ʻeleʻele ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo.
Mūhā waihoʻoluʻu(ʻO Flammulina velutipe). ʻO ka mushroom edible me nā kumu lōʻihi a me nā kala like ʻole, mahalo nui ʻia i ka gastronomy Japanese no kona ʻano crunchy a me kona nui i ka ʻili lāʻau.
Bioluminescent mushroom (ʻO Omphalotus nidiformis). ʻO ka maʻamau o Australia a me Tasmania, a ʻo India hoʻi, loaʻa i kēia pulupulu kahi keʻokeʻo, ʻano manu kohu ʻole, e hoʻomālamalama i ka pouli. He ʻano ʻokoʻa loa lākou ʻoiai ʻona a me ka ʻai ʻole.
ʻO Scaric copic (ʻO Coccinea Sarcoscypha). ʻO ka fungus i ka honua holoʻokoʻa, e ulu nei ma nā lāʻau a me nā lālā popopo ma ka papahele o nā ululāʻau humu, o kahi ʻano a puni a me ka poni. Ua ʻike ʻia kāna mau noi lāʻau, ʻoiai ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia nei kona noʻonoʻo e nā mea kākau loea.
Aflatoxin fungus (Mea ʻaʻano Aspergillus flavus). ʻO ka pinepine i ke kulina a me ka peanuts, a me nā kapeta pulu lōʻihi, pili kēia fungus me nā maʻi puʻupuʻu a he nui ka maʻi maʻi, hiki ke hūnā i nā mycotoxins make.
Punahelu ʻeleʻele (Chartachal Stachybotrys). Kūpilikiʻi loa, ʻike pinepine ʻia kēia punahelu i nā hale i haʻalele ʻia kahi e nui ai nā meaola, ka hoʻohuʻu kiʻekiʻe a me nā kukui liʻiliʻi, a me ka hoʻololi iki ʻana o ka ea. Hoʻopuka ka inhalation o kāna spores i ka lāʻau make a me ka uha mau, ke kaukaʻi ʻia i ka lōʻihi a me ka ikaika o ka hōʻike ʻana i kāna mycotoxins.