ʻO nā nā mea hoʻohui kemika e like me nā mea kemika i hana ʻia i nā mole. a ʻo kēia mau mea i hana ʻia me nā ʻĀtoma. Noho paʻa nā ʻĀtoma mahalo i ke hoʻokumu ʻia o ka mea i kapa ʻia nā loulou kemika.
ʻO ka ʻaʻole like nā paʻa kemika: hilinaʻi nui lākou i nā ʻano uila o nā ʻoma i pili. ʻElua ʻano maʻamau o ka loulou: nā paʻa ionic a ʻo ka nā paʻa covalent.
ʻO ka maʻamau, nā mea paʻa covalent kēlā mau e hoʻopaʻa pū i nā ʻĀtoma hao ʻole. Hana ʻia i loaʻa i nā ʻoma o kēia mau mea he nui nā uila i loko o kā lākou pū i waho loa a loaʻa iā lākou ka mea e paʻa a loaʻa paha nā uila, ma kahi o ka hāʻawi ʻana iā lākou.
ʻO ia ke kumu o ke ala i loko o kēia mau mea a i ʻole nā hui kemikaicos loaʻa ke kūpaʻa ma ke kaʻana like ʻana i nā electrons, uʻaʻole mai kēlā me kēia atoma. I kēia ala ka mahele like o nā electrons i maʻa mau i nā ʻoma ʻelua a ma ka manawa like paʻa pū lākou. I ka ʻenekini hanohano, no ka laʻana, hiki kēia. Eia kekahi i nā mea halogen.
Ke hiki mai ka pilina covalent ma waena o nā mea o ka electronegativity like, e like me ma waena o hydrogen a me carbon, hana ʻia kahi paʻa apolar covalent. Hana ʻia kēia, no ka laʻana, i nā hydrocarbons.
Pēlā nō, nā mole kūmole homonuclear (i hana ʻia e ka atoma like) i nā manawa āpau nā paʻa apolar. Akā inā pili ka pilina ma waena o nā mea o ka electronegativity ʻokoʻa, hana ʻia ka nui o ka electron kiʻekiʻe i loko o hoʻokahi atoma ma mua o kekahi, ma muli o kēia hopena i hoʻokumu ʻia kahi pou.
ʻO ke kolu o ka manawa he ʻelua mau ʻoma i kaʻana like i kekahi o nā electrons, akā hāʻawi ʻia kēia mau electrons i hoʻokahi wale nō atoma o lākou. I kēlā hihia ʻōlelo mākou dative or coordinate covalent bond.
No a loulou dative pono ʻoe i kahi ʻāpana me kahi paʻa electron manuahi (e like me ka naikokene) a me kekahi mea hemahema uila (e like me hydrogen). Pono pono ia ka mea me ka paʻa uila he electronegative lawa ʻaʻole e nalo i nā uila e kaʻana. Kū kēia hanana, no ka laʻana, i ka amonia (NH4+).
ʻO ka nā mea pono i loko o nā covalent compound hiki ke hana i kekahi mokuʻāina o nā mea (paʻa, wai a kinoea paha), a ma ka laulā he alakaʻi maikaʻi ʻole lākou i ka wela a me ka uila.
Hōʻike pinepine lākou ʻano haʻahaʻa a hoʻoheheʻe a Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe Polar, e like me ka benzene a i ʻole ke kalapona tetrachloride, akā maikaʻi ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai. Kūpaʻa loa lākou.
Hiki ke hāʻawi ʻia nā laʻana he nui o nā mea hoʻohui a i ʻole nā mea i loaʻa i nā paʻa covalent:
- Fluorine
- Bromine
- ʻIodine
- Kolina
- Oxygen
- Wai
- ʻĀpana kalapona
- ʻAmonia
- Metana
- Propane
- ʻO Silika
- Daimana
- Graphite
- Quartz
- Glucose
- Pālapa
- ʻO Diesel
- Nitrogen
- Helium
- Freon
