Mea Kākau:
Laura McKinney
Lā O Ka Hana:
7 Apelila 2021
HōʻAno Hou I Ka Lā:
13 Mei 2024
Anter
ʻO kanā kānāwai o ke kūlohelohe he mau manaʻo e hōʻike ana i nā phenomena mau. Manaʻo ʻia lākoukūmau mau no ka mea ua ʻike ʻia lākou e hoʻi hou i nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole.
Hoʻokumu ʻia ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā kānāwai i ka nānā ʻana o nā phenomena kūlohelohe, e ʻae ai i nā hopena e pili ana i kā lākou invariance a me ka wānana.
ʻO nā ʻano o nā kānāwai kūlohelohe:
- Universal. ʻOiai e hoʻokō ʻia nā kūlana i hōʻike ʻia e ke kānāwai, e kū ana ka hanana.
- Pahuhopu. Kūpono nā kānāwai kūlohelohe, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki iā lākou ke hōʻoia e kekahi.
- Wānana. Ma muli o ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ʻae lākou iā mākou e ʻike i kekahi mau hanana e kū ma lalo o kekahi mau ʻano.
Ua kapa ʻia kekahi mau kānāwai ma muli o ka ʻepekema nāna i ʻike i kēia hanana, e like me Newton, Kepler, a me Mendel.
- E nānā hoʻi: Komo i ke kūlohelohe
Nā laʻana o nā kānāwai kūlohelohe
- Kānāwai mua o Newton. Kānāwai o ka inersia. He physicist ʻo Isaac Newton, he haku mele, a he makemakika. Ua ʻike ʻo ia i nā kānāwai e pili ana i ka physics. ʻO kāna kānāwai mua: "Hoʻomau kēlā me kēia kino i kona mokuʻāina o ka hoʻomaha a i ʻole ke kapa ʻaʻa a i ʻole ke ʻano o ke neʻe, ke ʻole e koi ʻia e hoʻololi i kona mokuʻāina, e nā ikaika i hoʻokū ʻia ma luna ona."
- Kānāwai ʻelua o Newton. Kānāwai kumu o ka ikaika. "ʻO ka hoʻololi i ka wikiwiki o kahi neʻe kūlike kūpono i ka mana kumu i paʻi ʻia a kū ʻia e like me ka laina pololei i paʻi ʻia ai kēlā ikaika."
- ʻO ke kānāwai ʻekolu ʻo Newton. Kumuhana o ka hana a me ka hopena. "I kēlā me kēia hana e kūlike i ka hopena"; "Me nā hana āpau e kū mau ka hopena like a me ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā hana like a nā kino ʻelua e kaulike a kuhikuhi ʻia i ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe."
- Zero loina o thermodynamics. Hoʻolālā ʻia e Ralph Fowler, ʻōlelo ʻia ʻaʻole ʻelua kino ke kūlike i ka wela. ʻO kekahi ala ʻē aʻe e hōʻike ai i kēia kānāwai: inā ʻelua mau kino kaawale i kēlā me kēia i ke kaulike mehana me ke kolu o ke kino, a laila aia lākou i ke kaulike mehana me kekahi.
- Kānāwai mua o Thermodynamics. Kumuhana o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu. "ʻAʻole hana ʻia a luku ʻia ka ikehu, hoʻololi wale ia."
- Kānāwai ʻelua o thermodynamics. I kahi kūlana o ke kaulike, ʻo nā waiwai i lawe ʻia e nā ʻāpana ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana thermodynamic pani e like me ka mea e hoʻonui ai lākou i ka nui o ka nui o nā hana i kapa ʻia ʻo entropy.
- ʻO ke kānāwai ʻekolu o thermodynamics. ʻO Nernst's postulate. Hoʻolālā ia i ʻelua mau phenomena: ke hiki i zero (zero Kelvin) i kekahi kaʻina i kahi ʻōnaehana kino kū.I ka hōʻea ʻana i ka ʻole zero, hiki i ka entropy ka palena iki a me ka waiwai mau.
- Kānāwai o ka mālama ʻana i nā mea.Kānāwai a Lamonosov Lavoisier. "ʻO ka huina o ka lehulehu o nā reactant āpau e pili ana i kahi hopena e like me ka nui o ka nui o nā huahana i loaʻa."
- Kānāwai mua o Mendel. Kānāwai o ke kūlike o nā heterozygotes hanauna mua. He kanaka kūlohelohe ʻo Gregor Mendel nāna i ʻike i ke ʻano o ka hoʻoili ʻia ʻana o nā genes mai kekahi hanauna a i kekahi hanauna e ka nānā ʻana i nā mea kanu. Kuhi ʻia kāna kānāwai mua mai ke kaʻe ʻana o ʻelua mau lāhui maʻemaʻe, e loaʻa ka hopena me nā ʻano like, phenotypically a genotypically ma waena o lākou a ʻano like lākou me kekahi o nā mākua.
- Kānāwai ʻelua ʻo Mendel. Kānāwai o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā huapalapala i ka lua o ka hanauna. I ka wā o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā gametes, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o kekahi pālua mai nā mea ʻē aʻe o ka pā like, e hoʻoulu ai i nā genetics o ka gamete filial.
- Ke kānāwai ʻekolu a Mendel. Kānāwai o ke kūʻokoʻa o nā hoʻoilina hoʻoilina: hoʻoili kūʻokoʻa ʻia kekahi i kekahi. ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi ʻano mai kekahi o nā mākua ʻaʻole ia he kumu no ka hoʻoilina ʻia o kekahi.
- Ke kānāwai mua o Kepler. ʻO Johannes Kepler kahi mea kilokilo a me ka makemakika nāna i ʻike i nā phenomena invariable i ka neʻe ʻana o nā hoku. Wahi a kāna kānāwai mua e neʻe ka honua āpau a puni ka lā i nā pōʻai elliptical. He ʻelua foci ko kēlā me kēia ellipse. Aia ka lā i loko o kekahi o lākou.
- Kanawai ʻelua a Kepler. ʻO ka wikiwiki o nā hualoaʻa: "ʻO ka pōʻai radius e hoʻohui i ka honua a holoi ka lā i nā wahi like i nā manawa like."
- E hoʻomau me: Nā kānāwai o Newton
