Anter
ʻO ka mea ola (nā meaola), kaukaʻi ʻia i nā helu o nā hunaola e haku iā lākou, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia unicellular (inā pili lākou i kahi pūnaewele hoʻokahi) a i ʻole multicellular (a i ʻole multicellular, i hana ʻia i ʻelua a ʻoi paha o nā keena.
ʻO ka nā pūnaewele ua manaʻo ʻia lākou nā mahele liʻiliʻi o ke ola. ʻO lākou nā unit ʻelua i kahi ʻano morphological a me nā hana. ʻO lākou nā pae morphological no ka mea hoʻopuni ʻia lākou e kahi envelope, i kapa ʻia ka cell a me ka membrane cytoplasmic.
Kahi mea hou aʻe, nā pūnaewele he mau ʻāpana hana no ka mea hana lākou i kahi ʻōnaehana biochemical paʻakikī. E like me ia, hiki iā lākou ke hānai a mālama i kā lākou metabolism ponoʻī, e ulu a hoʻonui mai nā mea kūmole i loaʻa iā lākou i loko o ka nucleus, e hoʻokaʻawale (e hoʻomohala i nā ʻano kikoʻī i ʻokoʻa mai nā hunaola ʻē aʻe), a e ulu.
Māhele ʻia nā ʻano āpau o nā hunaola e nā unicellular a me nā meaola multicellular (i kapa ʻia hoʻi multicellular).
E nānā pū: Nā laʻana o nā Cellular Organelles (a me kāna hana)
Hoʻohua hou pūnaewele
ʻO ka meaola multicellular ala lākou i kahi mua mai kahi pūnaewele hoʻokahi. ʻOiai nā kānaka i ka manawa o ka hāpai ʻana he cell ia. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻomaka koke kēlā cell e hoʻonui. Hiki i nā kinikini ke hoʻohua ma o nā kaʻina hana ʻelua:
- Mitosis: Kū i loko o nā keena somatic. Hoʻokaʻawale ka pūnaewele i hoʻokahi wale nō manawa (hele mai ʻelua mau huna mai kahi huna. Hoʻokaʻawale nā kaikuahine chromatids a ʻaʻohe hiki kea, no laila ua like nā ʻike ʻelua o nā hunaʻi ʻelua. He mahele pūnaewele pōkole ia e pahuhopu nei i ka ulu a me ka hoʻohou ʻana o nā pūnaewele a me nā aʻa.
- Meiosis: Hana ʻia ia i loko o nā ʻōpala kumu o nā gametes (sex cells). Māhele ʻelua ke keʻena. I ka mahele mua, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā chromosome homologous i ka lua, hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā chromatids a laila aia kahi crossover ma waena o nā chromosome homologous. ʻO ia ke kumu e ʻokoʻa ai nā ʻāpana kaikamahine ʻehā. ʻO kāna pahuhopu ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka laha a ʻano loli.
Mai luna aʻe hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia i meaola multicellular Loaʻa iā lākou kā lākou keena āpau (me ka ʻokoʻa o nā mea moekolohe) mai kahi pūnaewele mua hoʻokahi e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka mitosis.
I nā meaola multicellular, ʻaʻole like nā pūnaewele āpau, akā ʻokoʻa no ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā hana like ʻole: ʻo kahi laʻana, aia nā pūnana nerve, nā hunaola epithelial, nā pūnaʻi mākala, etc. ʻO ka nā pūnaewele kikoʻī hoʻonohonoho ʻia i loko o nā pūʻulu i kapa ʻia nā lole, a ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe e hana i nā meaola.
Nā Kinohi Prokaryotic a me Eukaryotic
Ma waho aʻe o nā ʻokoʻa, aia he ʻelua ʻano nui o nā hunaola e ʻokoʻa ai nā ʻano ʻelua o nā meaola.
Nā pūnaewele Prokaryotic: ʻOi aku ka nui o kā lākou nui ma mua o ʻelua microns, a ʻoiai he membrane pūnaewele lākou, ʻaʻohe o lākou membrane nukelea (ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale i ka nucleus mai ka cytoplasm). Aia ʻo DNA ma ke ʻano he mole kolikoli hoʻokahi, me nā mea liʻiliʻi protein pili ʻia e nā ʻuniona nāwaliwali. Hana ʻo DNA i hoʻokahi chromosome. ʻO nā organelles cytoplasmic wale nō nā ribosome liʻiliʻi. Loaʻa iā ia kahi iwi iwi i loko. Hoʻokumu nā pūnaewele Prokaryotic PROCARIONTE ORGANISMS (koʻohune a me cyanobacteria). ʻO lākou nā meaola UNICELLULAR maʻamau, me ka ʻokoʻa o ka myxobacteria.
Nā pūnaewele eukaryotic: ʻOi aku kona nui ma mua o ʻelua microns, i ka hoʻohui ʻia i ka membrane pūnaewele aia ka membrane nuklea. Hoʻokumu ʻo DNA i nā molela laina me nā protein e pili ana ma o nā paʻa ikaika. Hana ʻo DNA i kekahi mau chromosome ʻokoʻa. Aia i loko o ka pūnaewele kahi o nā organelles cytoplasmic, nā iwi iwi i loko, a me nā keʻena membrane o loko. Hoʻokumu nā pūnaewele Eukaryotic i nā ʻoihana EUCHARIAN (e like me nā holoholona, nā mea kanu a me nā kāne) nā meaola PLURICELLULAR.
E nānā pū: Nā laʻana o nā Unicellular a me nā Multicellular Meaola
Hiki iā ia ke lawelawe iā ʻoe: ʻO nā lālā o ke Kino Kanaka
Nā laʻana o nā meaola multicellular
- Ke kanaka: Hoʻokumu nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o nā hunaola i ka nui o nā aʻa i kū i ke kahe, ka hopohopo, nā ʻōnaehana iwi, a pēlā aku.
- Pāpaʻi: E like me nā crustacean ʻē aʻe, ʻokoʻa ka ʻāpana o kāna mau hunaola e hana i exoskeleton, kahi hanana e uhi a pale i ka holoholona.
- Dolphin: Waiu mammal. E like me nā holoholona āpau, hana ʻia i nā ʻano holoholona eukaryotic.
- Palaoa: Cereal o ka ʻohana mauʻu. Hana ʻia ia i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o nā hunaola mea kanu eukaryotic.
- E ale: Manu o nā ʻano neʻe, no ka ʻohana o ka hirundínidos, o ke kauoha o ka passerines.
- Mauʻu: E like me nā mea kanu monocotyledonous ʻē aʻe, ʻo kāna kumu i komo pū me nā hunaola meristematic e ʻae e hoʻonui i kona lōʻihi ma hope o ka ʻoki ʻana.
- Moaʻi: Manu o ka ʻohana Phasianidae. E like me nā manu ʻē aʻe, uhi ʻia i nā hulu i hana ʻia e nā hunaola kūikawā i loko o nā epidermis i kapa ʻia he keratinocytes.
- Salemona: Nā iʻa kai a kai hoʻi. E like me ka nui o nā iʻa (bony a i ʻole cartilaginous) uhi ʻia kona ʻili i nā unahi, nā hunaola ʻokoʻa i nā unahi reptile.
- Palaka Temporaria: Amphibian ʻO ka anuran o ka ʻohana Ranidae, ka mea i noho ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAkau komohana komohana.
- ʻAno moʻo ʻōmaʻomaʻo: Nā ʻano moʻo o ka moʻo (kolo) o ka ʻohana Teiidae. Aia ia i loko o kahi ecozone e hele ana i ka Argentina, Bolivian a me Paraguayan Chaco.
ʻOiai, me ka hoʻohui i kēlā mau mea i ʻōlelo ʻia, hiki i nā tausani o nā laʻana ke helu ʻia, ʻoiai nā holoholona āpau e ola nei he mau meaola multicellular. Inā makemake ʻoe i mau laʻana hou aʻe, hiki iā ʻoe ke kipa i ka ʻāpana o Nā laʻana o nā holoholona Vertebrate, a i ʻole Holoholona ʻaʻ Invertebrate.
- Hiki iā ia ke lawelawe iā ʻoe: He aha nā meaola Unicellular?
