Anter
ʻO ka mea ola pono lākou i ka oxygen e kākoʻo i kā lākou metabolism. Ma ke ʻano he huahana o ia mea, hana lākou i kahi mea ʻona: carbon dioxide. Kāhea ʻia ke kaʻina hana e loaʻa ai ka oxygen a hoʻolei ʻia ʻo carbon dioxide ka hanu ʻana.
ʻO ka hanu i ʻike nui ʻia iā mākou ka pulmonary: ʻo mākou a me nā holoholona kokoke loa (nā ʻīlio, nā pōpoki, nā manu, nā lio, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe) hanu ma o kahi ʻōnaehana hanu e kau ana ma luna o nā akemāmā. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau ala ʻē aʻe o ka hanu ʻana.
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana tracheal he ʻano ʻōnaehana hanu i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka tracheae. Hana ʻia ia i kahi pūnaewele o nā paipu kau ʻole. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kēia mau paipu i ke anawaena ke komo lākou i nā aʻa. Hiki i nā kinoea ke neʻe ma waena o kēia pūnaewele o nā paipu ma o kahi ʻōnaehana passive (diffusion) a i ʻole ma o kahi ʻōnaehana hana (ea).
ʻO ka mea pilikino o ka ʻōnaehana tracheal ka hiki ʻana o nā paipu i kahi anawaena liʻiliʻi (kekahi mau micrometers) hāʻawi lākou i nā hunaola me ka oxygen, me ka ʻole o ka ʻōnaehana holo (e like me ka hanu ʻana o ka hanu).
ʻO nā holoholona i loaʻa nā tracheas:
- Nā Arthropods: ʻO ia ka phylum holoholona ʻano nui a lehulehu. No laila, ʻoiai ua loaʻa i kekahi o nā terrestrial arthropods ka hanu tracheal, ʻaʻole ia i loko o lākou āpau. ʻO nā Arthropods nā Holoholona ʻaʻ Invertebrate he iwi ko lākou i waho a me nā mea hoʻohui.
- ʻOnychophores: He mau holoholona liʻiliʻi lākou me nā lālā he nui e pau i nā māiʻuʻu a me kahi ʻano elongated. Ua like lākou me nā ilo a i ʻole nā ʻenuhe, akā he mau maka a me / a i ʻole nā antennae. ʻAi lākou i nā mea kolo a me nā arachnids e hei lākou i ke aloha i kahi mea a lākou e hūnā ai, ʻo ia ka mea hoʻopili.
Nā laʻana o ka hanu tracheal
Arachnids (arthropods): Hoʻohui ʻia me nā nananana, nā ʻūlū, nā mites, a me nā moʻo huelo ʻawa kekahi. Loaʻa iā lākou kekahi o nā mea aʻe, a i ʻole i ka manawa like.
- Filotracheas: Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau ʻāpana he "puke māmā." He mau puka lākou i ka paia o ka ʻōpū (intussusception). Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka paia he lamellae: nā pelu i ka paia i hui pū ʻia e nā kaola. Aia ke koko i loko o kēia mau lamellae a loaʻa ke kūkaʻa kino ma laila. Mahalo i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa o ka mākala o ka paia dorsal o ke keʻena ea, hiki ke ea i ke keʻena. ʻO nā Arachnids he puke māmā wale nō nā mesothelae (arachnids primitive), nā moʻo huelo ʻawa, uropygians, amblipigians, a me schizomids.
- Tracheae: Ua like lākou me nā mea kolo, ʻo ia hoʻi, he pūnaewele o nā puʻupuʻu lālā. Ke loaʻa nā tracheas, hoʻemi ʻia ka ʻōnaehana holo. ʻO kēia no ka mea e ʻae nā tracheas i ka oxygen e hāʻawi pololei ʻia i nā hunaola a ʻaʻole koi i ka hoʻopili o ka ʻōnaehana holo. ʻO nā arachnids e hanu ma waena o tracheas nā ricinulids, nā pseudocorpoiones, nā solífuos, nā opiliones a me nā mites. Hoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā ʻōnaehana ʻelua i nā Araneomorphs (spider with diagonal chelicerae).
Myriapods (arthropods): He centipedes lākou, millipedes, pauropods a me symphyla. Aia ma mua o 16,000 ʻano o myriapods. ʻO kāna ʻōnaehana tracheal kahi hanana e like me ko ka nāhelehe.
Nā Pepelu (arthropods): Hana ʻia ka ʻōnaehana tracheal o nā kolo i:
- Stigmas (i kapa ʻia hoʻi nā spiracles): He poepoe poepoe e hoʻopili i ka trachea i waho. Kekahi i ka lua (keʻena a atrium) e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka nalowale o ka wai a pale i ke komo ʻana o nā mea i makemake ʻole ʻia (ka lepo a i ʻole nā parasites) mahalo i nā huluhulu a me nā kākalaioa.
- Tracheas: ʻO kēia nā paipu kahi e holo ai nā kinoea hanu. He apo apo kā lākou i kapa ʻia he tenidiums e pale aku ai iā lākou mai ka hāneʻe ʻana.
- Trachealas: Hoʻomaopopo lākou i ka tracheae, ʻo ia hoʻi, lahilahi a lawe i nā kinoea i nā aʻa. Hele pololei lākou i ka launa pū me nā hunaola.
ʻOnychophores: Kapa ʻia lākou i nā ilo koikoi. Noho lākou i nā wahi tropical a makemake i nā wahi terrestrial humid. Loaʻa i nā kaula i kāu ʻōnaehana tracheal ke anawaena paʻa. Liʻiliʻi kēlā me kēia anakū tracheal a hāʻawi wale aku i ka oxygen i nā mea pili kokoke.
Hiki iā ia ke lawelawe iā ʻoe:
- Nā holoholona hanu lū
- Holoholona hoʻoliʻiliʻi ʻili
- Holoholona holo kikī
