Anter
ʻO ka ʻO Revolution Revolution He kaua hakakā ia i hoʻomaka ma 1910 a pau i 1920, ʻo ia ka mea i kū i ka hanana kaiāulu a me ka hanana politika nui loa o ka makahiki 20 o Mekiko. He mau hana kipi kūʻē ia i nā aupuni kūʻē ma lalo o ke kauoha dictatorial a Porfirio Díaz, i hala a hiki i ka ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau makahiki o ke kenekulia, i ka wā i hoʻolaha hope ʻia ai ke Kumukānāwai ʻo Mexico.
I ka wā o ka hakakā, nā pūʻali koa kūpaʻa i ke aupuni dictatorial o ʻO Porfirio Diaz, ka mea i noho aliʻi i ka ʻāina mai ka 1876, kūʻē i nā kipi i alakaʻi ʻia e Francisco I. Madero, ka mea i ʻike i ka hiki ke hoʻomaka i kahi neʻe e hoʻihoʻi i ka Repubalika. Ua kūleʻa lākou i ka 1910, ma o ka Plan of San Luis, kahi i neʻe ai mai ka Mexico ʻākau mai San Antonio (Texas).
Ua mālama ʻia nā koho balota ma 1911 a me ka Ua koho ʻia ʻo Madero i pelekikena. Akā ʻo kāna mau kūlike ʻole me nā alakaʻi kipi ʻē aʻe, e like me Pascual Orozco lāua ʻo Emiliano Zapata, i alakaʻi ʻia i ka ala kūʻē i kāna mau hoa pili mua. Ua hopu ʻia ka manawa kūpono e kahi hui koa i ʻike ʻia i kēia lā ma ke ʻano he "Tragic Ten", ka mea i alakaʻi ʻia e Félix Díaz, Bernardo Reyes a me Victoriano Huerta, ua hana he coup a pepehi i ka pelekikena, kona kaikaina a me ka hope pelekikena. No laila, ua mālama ʻo Huerta i ka ʻōlelo o ka ʻāina.
ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu ka hopena o nā alakaʻi kipi e like me Venustiano Carranza a i ʻole ʻo Francisco “Pancho” Villa, ka mea i kaua i ke aupuni de facto a hiki i ka haʻalele ʻana o Huerta i 1912, ma hope o ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana a North American iā Veracruz. A laila, mamao loa i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka maluhia, ua hoʻomaka nā hakakā ma waena o nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole i hoʻokahuli iā Huerta, no laila ua kāhea ʻo Carranza i ka ʻAha Kūkākūkā ʻo Aguascalientes e kapa i kahi alakaʻi hoʻokahi, ʻo ia ʻo Eulalio Gutiérrez, i koho ʻia i pelekikena. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole nānā ʻo Carranza iā ia iho i ka ʻaelike a hoʻomaka hou ka hoʻouka kaua.
ʻO ka hope, ua lawe ʻia nā ʻanuʻu mua e hana a kumukānāwai hou o ka ʻāina i 1917 a lawe iā Carranza i ka mana. Akā he mau makahiki hou aku ka hakakā ʻana, i ka manawa e pepehi ʻia ai kēia mau alakaʻi: Zapata ma 1919, Carranza ma 1920, Villa ma 1923, a me Obregón ma 1928.
Akā i kēia manawa ma 1920 Adolfo de la Huerta i lilo i ke kauoha, a ma 1924 ʻo Plutarco Elías Calles, e hāʻawi ana i ka mōʻaukala kemokalaka o ka ʻāina a hoʻopau i ka Revolution Revolution.
Nā kumu o ka Revolution Revolution
- ʻO ka Crisis Porphyry. Ua noho aliʻi ʻo Colonel Porfirio Díaz ma luna o Mekiko i loko o 34 mau makahiki o ka nohoaliʻi ʻana o ke aupuni dictatorial, kahi i hoʻonui ʻia ai ka hoʻonui kālā ʻana ma ke kumu kūʻai o ka malaise o nā papa waiwai liʻiliʻi. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia kahi pilikia kaiapili, politika, hoʻokele waiwai a me ka moʻomeheu, ka mea i hōʻeuʻeu i kona mau hoa paio a hōʻino i ka hilinaʻi o kāna aupuni. I ka wā i hoʻolaha ai ʻo Díaz iā ia iho e haʻalele ana ia mai ka mana i ka hopena o kāna kau, ua manaʻo kekahi mau pūʻali koa hōʻoluʻolu ua hiki mai ko lākou manawa kūpono e hoʻoikaika i ka loli i ka ʻāina.
- ʻO ke kūlana minamina o ke kula. I kahi ʻāina me 80% ka heluna kaiāulu, ʻo nā kānāwai e pili ana i ka pilikanaka a me ka hoʻokele waiwai ka mea o nā mea nui ʻāina a me nā ʻona ʻona. Ua noho ʻilihune ka poʻe mahiʻai a me ke kaiāulu ʻōiwi no ke ola, ua hoʻonele ʻia i nā ʻāina kaiāulu a me kahi kūlana weliweli o ka noho ʻana a ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻAmelika ʻo J. K. Turner i loko o kāna puke. ʻO Barbarian Mexico Ma ka 1909 hiki iā ia ke ʻike mua i ke ala ʻana o ka poʻe hoʻokaumaha.
- ʻO ka Discrediting of Reigning Social Darwinism. Ke manaʻo nei ka positivist ua komo nā papa aliʻi i loko o ka pilikia i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia, ʻoiai ka nui o nā mestiza i koi aku i ke komo nui ʻana i nā hoʻoholo a ka lāhui. ʻO ka hui kiʻekiʻe i kapa ʻia ʻo "the Scientists" ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hiki i ka mana ke hoʻohana. ʻO kēia mau mea i kūlike i ka clique o ka porfirate.
- ʻO kā Madero mau hana kūʻē i ke koho balota hou. ʻO nā huakaʻi like ʻekolu (ʻekolu) i hana ʻia e Madero e hoʻolaha i ka manaʻo anti-Porfirian i loko o ka lāhui āpau ua kūleʻa loa ʻo ia i hoʻopiʻi ʻia no ka hoʻonāukiuki kipi a hoʻopaʻi ʻia i ka hale paʻahao. E hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo ia ma ka uku hoʻomalu, akā me ka loaʻa ʻole o ke kuleana e haʻalele i ka ʻāina a i ʻole komo i nā koho balota, kahi i koho hou ʻia ai ʻo Konela Porfirio Díaz, kūʻē i kāna hoʻohiki.
- ʻO ka pilikia o 1907. ʻO ka pilikia ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i alakaʻi i ka hōʻemi nui ʻana i nā hōʻaiʻē ʻoihana a me nā lawe kiʻekiʻe i lawe ʻia mai, i unuhi ʻia i loko o kahi hana nui ʻole e hoʻonui hou ai i ka malaise o ka poʻe Mexico.
Nā hopena o ka Revolution Revolution
- 3.4 miliona mau ola i loli ʻia. ʻAʻohe helu kikoʻī no ka helu o nā make i ka wā o ka hakakā, akā ua manaʻo ʻia aia ma waena o hoʻokahi miliona a ʻelua miliona mau kānaka. ʻO ka helu ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe, ka wī, ka hāʻule o ka nui o ka hānau a me ka maʻi Pōlani Sepania i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma 1918, ua manaʻo ʻia he 3.4 miliona mau kānaka i ʻike i ko lākou ola e pili mau loa ana i kēia wā o ka mōʻaukala Mexico.
- Hānau o ka bureaucrat. Mahalo i nā loli nui o ka nohona a me ka politika o ka Revolution, ua komo nā papa maikaʻi ʻole i ka mokuʻāina e noho i nā keʻena ʻoihana a me nā lawelawe. ʻO ka pūʻali koa, kūlou i ka Revolution, ua wehe pū kekahi i kāna ʻōnaehana a hōʻuluʻulu i nā limahana mai waena a me nā papa haʻahaʻa, e ulu ana e 50 a 60% i ka wā o ke aupuni Calles. ʻO kēia ke hoʻololi nui i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka waiwai ma ka ʻāina.
- Ka neʻe kūlanakauhale. Holo i ka maʻi a me ka hana ʻino ma nā kuaʻāina, ʻoiai ka neʻe ʻana o ka Revolution me kahi noho kaiāulu nui, ua neʻe kekahi hapa nui o ka poʻe mahiʻai i nā kūlanakauhale, no laila e hoʻonui ana i ka nohona o nā kūlanakauhale akā hōʻeha i ka like ʻole o ka nohona. Hohonu.
- Hoʻololi Agrarian. ʻO kekahi o nā hoʻololi nui loa o ka Revolution, ua ʻae ia i nā mahiʻai i ʻāina a hana i kahi papa hou o ejidatarios. ʻAʻole naʻe kēia i hoʻomaikaʻi i ko lākou ola a nui a makemake ka hapa nui e neʻe i nā māla kahi i hana ʻino ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia, akā ua uku maikaʻi ʻia lākou. He nui nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i neʻe i United States.
- Ka hopena noʻeau a me ka palapala. Hōʻike nā mea kākau Mekiko he nui i kā lākou mau hana i ka mea i hana ʻia ma waena o 1910 a me 1917, me ka ʻike ʻole e hana ana i kahi mākala nani a me nā mākau kiʻi e hua ai i ka moʻomeheu o ko lākou ʻāina. ʻO Mariano Azuela kekahi o kēia mau mea kākau (a ʻo kāna puke nō hoʻi ʻO kēlā mau mea ma lalo 1916), José Vasconcelos, Rafael M. Muñoz, José Rubén Romero, Martín Luis Guzmán a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. No laila, mai ka makahiki 1928, hānau ke ʻano o ka "Revolutionary Novel". Ua like kekahi mea e like me ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi, nona ka poʻe moʻomeheu i hōʻike nui i nā makahiki o ka hakakā.
- Kū i luna o nā corridos a me nā "adelitas". I loko o ke au kipi, ua loaʻa ka corrido, kahi mele a me nā ʻōlelo kaulana i hoʻoilina ʻia mai ke aloha Paniolo kahiko, i loaʻa ka ikaika nui, kahi i haʻi ʻia ai nā hanana epic a me nā hanana kipi, a i hōʻike ʻia paha nā ola o nā alakaʻi kaulana e like me Pancho Villa a me Emiliano Zapata. Mai iā lākou hoʻi i hānau ʻia ke kiʻi o ka "adelita" a i ʻole soldadera, ua hana ka wahine i ke kahua kaua, nā hōʻike o ke komo nui ʻana o nā wahine ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka hakakā.
- ʻO ka ʻike maka koa o nā wahine. Ua komo nui nā wahine i ka hakakā kaua, a hōʻea i ka pae o ke kolonela, lutanela a kāpena paha, a waiho ana i kahi hōʻailona koʻikoʻi i ke ʻano o ka manaʻo o nā wahine i ka wā. Ma waena o lākou hiki iā mākou ke inoa ʻo Margarita Neri, ʻo Rosa Bobadilla, ʻo Juana Ramona de Flores a i ʻole María de Jesús de la Rosa "ka coronela".
