Nā ʻike ʻepekema a me ʻenehana

ʻO ka aʻo ʻo ia anei ʻenekini kumu o ka holomua ʻepekema. ʻO Helene Kahiko, kahi i hānau ai ka hāʻawi ʻepekema o ka nohona Western, ua hāʻawi nui i ke aʻo ʻana no ka hoʻomohala ʻana, i manaʻo ʻia mai kahi manaʻo pūʻali koa.

Eia naʻe, i ka manawa o ka Renaissance ka hōʻano ʻepekema Ua hoʻonāukiuki ʻia hoʻi e kekahi mau Kula Kaiapuni i koi ʻia ma ke ʻano he mau kuleana no ka paepae ʻana i ke aʻo ʻana o kēia mau aʻo: ʻo ka Royal Society of London, a ʻo ka Academy of Science of Paris nā laʻana o kēia.

I nā kenekulia i hala, ua alualu ka ʻepekema o ka ʻepekema i ka ikaika nui aʻe. ʻO nā kumu nui nā hoʻonui hoʻonui holomua o ka kūʻokoʻa o ka hana hou, a ʻo ka ke kūkulu ʻana i ka ʻepekema i nā ʻano aʻo like ʻole. ʻO ka hānau ʻana o nā demokalaka a me nā ʻōnaehana politika manuahi i hānai i kēia kumu.

I ka manawa like, kiʻina ʻepekema ua hemolele lākou a ke hoʻonui nei i ka hana i nā manaʻo o ka poʻe noiʻi, ʻoiai ke kumu i ka hana a me ka noʻonoʻo o nā pane hou i nā nīnau.

ʻO ke kālailai ʻana i ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻepekema kahi aʻo i loko ona iho, a pono e ʻōlelo ʻia aia ma loko o laila kahi ʻāpana e kū i waena o nā mea ʻē aʻe āpau.ʻO ke ʻano o nā hoʻololi ʻepekema ', na Thomas Kühn, wehewehe pehea ka holomua o ka ʻepekema i ka nui.

Ua wehewehe ʻo ia i ka hapa nui o nā manawa, aia nō kekahi ʻae ʻae i ke kaiāulu ʻepekema ma kekahi mau nīnau, akā ma kekahi ʻano o ka hana a hoʻohana ʻana i nā hopena i loaʻa: ua ʻike ʻia kēia ma ke ʻano he hoʻohālike, a ua koi ʻia e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o kāna mau mea hoʻokūkū akā ua ʻōlelo ʻoi aku ka palena i ka mea e pono ai ke nānā a nānā pono ʻia.

ʻO ka ʻike ʻepekemaI nā huaʻōlelo o Kühn, hiki ke hana ʻia ma loko o ka parekala like a i ʻole hiki ke hoʻoulu i ke ʻano o kahi hiʻohiʻona hou, i ka mea āna i kāhea ai. Hoʻololi ʻepekema: He mea maʻamau kēia e hoʻopuka i kekahi pilikia i ka ʻepekema kahua, a no nā mea ʻepekema he nui e pale aku i ka loli.

ʻO ka papa aʻe e kauoha ana i kekahi mau laʻana o nā ʻike ʻepekema mai ka mōʻaukala kanaka.

ʻO ka evolution o ka ʻenehana pili pili loa i ka ʻepekema, akā pili pono i ka ka mōʻaukala o ka hana hou ʻana o nā ʻenehana a me nā pono hana me kahi kumu kūpono, ʻo ia hoʻi, me kahi hana e maʻalahi ai i kekahi mau hana no ka poʻe.

ʻOiai hāʻawi ka ʻepekema i ke kik e ʻike i kahi e hiki ai ke ʻike ʻia e māʻona ai nā mea e pono ai, maʻalahi ka ʻenehana a lawe mai i nā huahana hou no ka ʻai akā no ka optimization o nā hana hana.

ʻO ka manaʻo ma nā holomua ʻenehana hana i ka evolution i loko o nā makahiki he hala i hala aku nei i kahi lāhui exponential aʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o ka alualu ʻana a hiki i kēlā manawa. Hōʻike ka papa inoa aʻe i kekahi mau laʻana o ka holomua ʻenehana.