Ka halihali ʻeleu a me ka hala

Anter

• Nā laʻana o ka lawe hala
• Nā laʻana o ka lawe ikaika

Ua inoa halihali lawe lima i ka hoʻololi o nā mea i waena o ka loko o ka pūnaewele a me kahi o waho e loaʻa ai. Hana ʻia kēia ma o ka membrane plasma, ʻo ia kahi pale semipermeable e hoʻopau ana i ka pūnaewele.

He mea nui ka lawe ʻana o ke kelepona pūnaewele no ke komo ʻana o nā meaola a me nā mea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ke kaiapuni, a me ka kipaku ʻia ʻana o ka ʻōpala a i ʻole nā ​​metabolised o nā mea i loko o ka huna, e like me nā hōmona a i ʻole nā ʻenekema. Wahi a kāna kuhikuhi o ka neʻe o ka mea a me kona kumukūʻai ikehu, e kamaʻilio mākou e pili ana i:

• Kaʻa lawe hāhā. Ma ka hele ʻana i ke aloha o ka gradient concentration, ʻo ia hoʻi, mai kahi medium concentrated a i ka mea i hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui ʻole ʻia, hana ʻia ia e ka diffusion ma o ka membrane a ʻaʻohe ona ikehu ikehu, no ka mea e hoʻohana pono ʻia nā neʻe ʻana o nā mole (kā lākou kinetic ikehu). ʻEhā ʻano o ka lawe passive:
  • Hoʻolahalaha maʻalahi. Neʻe ka mea mai ka wahi nui i hoʻohui ʻia a i ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a hiki i ka pae kaulike ʻana o nā pae.
  • Hoʻolahalaha ʻia. Lawe ʻia ka halihali e nā protein halihali kūikawā i loaʻa i loko o ka membrane pūnaewele.
  • Kānana. Loaʻa nā pores o ka membrane plasma ma o kahi o kahi nui i hiki ai ke kahe i loko o kona kūloko e ka kaomi hydrostatic.
  • Osmosis. E like me ka diffusion maʻalahi, pili ia i ka ʻanuʻu o nā molaki o ka wai ma o ka membrane, ma muli o ke kaomi o ka waena a me kāna selectivity.

• Ka lawe ikaika. ʻAʻole like ia me ka passive, hana ia e kūʻē i ka gradient konsentration (mai kahi wahi liʻiliʻi i ka concentrated), no laila he kumukūʻai o ka ikehu cellular. ʻAe kēia i nā pūnaewele e hōʻiliʻili i nā mea e pono ai no kā lākou kaʻina hana synthes.

Nā laʻana o ka lawe hala

1. Hoʻolaha i ka papa phospholipid. No laila, komo nā mea he nui i ke kolamu, e like me ka wai, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nā wikamina hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka momona, nā steroid, glycerine, a me nā wai ʻona molekoki-haʻahaʻa.
2. Ke komo ma o nā kaha protein holoʻokoʻa. ʻO kekahi mau mea ionic (hoʻoili uila), e like me ka sodium, potassium, calcium a bicarbonate paha, hele i loko o ka membrane alakaʻi ʻia e nā kahawai a protein kūikawā no kēia, liʻiliʻi loa.
3. ʻO ka glomeruli ʻōiwi. Hoʻomaʻamaʻa lākou i ke koko i nā puʻupaʻa, ka holehole ʻana i ka urea, ka creatinine a me nā paʻakai, ma o ke kaʻina hana ultrafiltration i mālama ʻia e nā capillaries, e pale ana i ka hele ʻana o nā mea nui a hoʻokuʻu i nā mea liʻiliʻi ma muli o ke kaomi o ka waena ponoʻī.
4. Omo Glucose. Mālama mau ʻia nā hunaola me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o glucose, e kahe mau ana i ka diffusion i loko o kā lākou kūloko. E hana i kēia, lawe nā proteins transporter iā ia a laila hoʻolilo ia i glucose-6-phosphate.
5. Ka hana a ka insulin. ʻO kēia hormone i hūnā ʻia e ka pancreas e hoʻonui ai i ka diffusion o ka glucose i loko o ke koko i loko o nā hunaola, e hoʻemi ana i ke kū ʻana o ke kō i ke koko, e hoʻokō ana i kahi kuleana. hemoregulator.
6. Hoʻolaha kinoea. ʻAe ka diffusion maʻalahi i ke komo ʻana o nā kinoea i hana ʻia e ka hanu, mai waho a i loko o nā hunaola mai ko lākou kūpaʻa i ke koko. Pēlā e kipaku ʻia ai ka CO₂ a hoʻohana ʻia ka oxygen.
7. Hoʻoulu. Lawe ʻia ka excretion o ka hou ma o ka ʻili e osmosis: kahe ka wai i waho a halihali i nā lāʻau make a me nā mea ʻē aʻe me ia.
8. Nā aʻa kanu. Loaʻa iā lākou nā membrane wae e ʻae i ka wai a me nā minelala ʻē aʻe e komo i loko o ka mea kanu, a laila hoʻouna i nā lau i ka photosynthesize.
9. Ka omo ʻōpū. Hoʻokomo nā hunaola epithelial o ka ʻōpū i ka wai a me nā meaola ʻē aʻe mai ka pahu, me ka ʻae ʻole iā lākou e komo i ke kahe o ke koko. Lawe pū ʻia ka selectivity i ʻōlelo ʻia, ma o ka gradient electrolyte.
10. ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā enzyme a me nā homoni i ke kahe o ke koko. Hana pinepine ʻia ia e nā mīkini o ka intracellular concentration kiʻekiʻe, me ka uku ʻole o ATP.

Nā laʻana o ka lawe ikaika

1. ʻO ka paipu Sodium-potassium. He ʻano hana ia o ka membrane pūnaewele e ʻae ai, ma o ka protein transporter, e kipaku ʻia ka sodium mai loko o ka pūnaewele a hoʻololi ʻia me ka potassium, e mālama ana i nā gradients ion (sodium haʻahaʻa a me ka potassium nui) a me ka polarity uila kūpono.
2. Poma kalipuna. ʻO kahi protein i lawe ʻia i loko o ka membrane pūnaewele, e ʻae i ka calcium e lawe ʻia e kūʻē i kāna gradient electrochemical, mai ka cytoplasm a i waho.
3. Phagocytosis. Hoʻopili nā huna koko keʻokeʻo e pale i ka meaola, ma o nā ʻeke o kā lākou membrane plasma, nā ʻāpana haole a mākou e kipaku ai ma hope.
4. Pinocytosis. Ke holo nei kekahi hana phagocytization ma o nā invagination i ka membrane e ʻae ai i ke komo ʻana o ka wai a puni. He hana a ka ovum i kona wā e oʻo ai.
5. Exositosis. Kūlike ʻole i ka phagocytization, kipaku ʻo ia i nā mea o ka ʻikepili pūnaewele ma o nā ʻeke membrane e neʻe i waho, a kuʻi lākou me ka membrane a wehe i waho. ʻO kēia ke kamaʻilio ʻana o nā neurons: ka lawe ʻana i nā ʻike ionic.
6. Maʻi HIV. Komo ka mea hoʻomaʻi SIDA i nā hunaola ma o ka lawe ʻana i kā lākou membrane, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā glycoproteins i loko o kā lākou papa waho (CD4 receptor) a komo i loko o kā lākou kūloko.
7. Transcytosis. Hoʻohui ʻia o ka endositosis a me nā exositosis, ʻae ia i ka lawe ʻana o nā mea mai kekahi mea a i kahi mea ʻē aʻe, no ka laʻana, mai nā capillaries o ke koko i nā aʻa e puni ana.
8. Sugar phototransferase. ʻO kahi hana maʻamau o kekahi koʻohune He aha coli, ʻo ia hoʻi nā kemika e hoʻololi i nā substrates i loko e ʻumeʻume i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe e hoʻopaʻa covalent a pēlā e mālama ai i ka ikehu he nui.
9. Lawe ʻia ka hao. Lawe ʻia ka hao e nā bacteria he nui e ka hūnā ʻana i nā siderophores e like me enterobactin, ka mea e hoʻopili ai i ka hao e hana ana i nā chelates a laila lawe ʻia e ka pilina i loko o nā bacteria, kahi i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai ka metala.
10. Lawe ʻia ʻo LDL. Lawe ʻia kēia lipoprotein me nā esters kolesterol e ke kelepona mahalo i ka hana o kahi apoprotein (B-100) e ʻae ai i kona komo ʻana i ka membrane a me ka decomposition aʻe i loko. ʻākika amino.