Nā mea hao a me nā mea pono ʻole

Anter

• Nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā metala a me nā metala ʻole
• Nā laʻana o nā metala
• Nā laʻana o nā metala ʻole

Hana ʻia nā mea āpau i ʻike ʻia ʻĀtoma, mai 112 nā mea kemika hana i ka pākaukau kau wā. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia mau mea, e like me ko lākou ʻano a me nā waiwai, i metala a me nā mea hao ʻole.

ʻO 25 wale nō o nā 112 mau mea i metallic, e hele maʻamau mai nā minelala a me nā pono uila a me nā launa pū e aʻo pono ʻia e ka kemika inorganic. I kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻo ke koena o nā mea, nā mea hao ʻole, pono no ke ola a hana i nā ʻano like ʻole o nā meaola i ʻike ʻia.

Nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā metala a me nā metala ʻole

Nā metala a me nā mea hao ʻole ʻike ʻia i kā lākou waiwai nui a me kā lākou ʻano o nā hopena hiki ke hiki.

• ʻO ka metala koe, me ke koe o ka mercury, nā paʻa paʻa ma ka mahana wela. Aniani lākou, ʻoi aku a ʻoi paha ductile a malleable, a maikaʻi lākou nā alakaʻi o ka uila a me ka wela. I ka launa pū ʻana me ka oxygen a i ʻole nā ​​waikawa, oxidize lākou a me ka corrode (nalo o nā uila) no ka mea he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ko kā lākou mau papa waho.
• ʻO ka ʻaʻohe metala, ma kahi o, maʻa mau lākou maikaʻi ʻole nā ​​alakaʻi o ka uila a me ka wela, o nā helehelena like ʻole a ma ke ʻano he nui nā helu hoʻoheheʻe ma lalo pono o nā metala. Noho wale nā ​​mea he nui i ka biatomic (molekole), hiki ke palupalu e like me ka sulfur a paʻakikī e like me ke daimana, a hiki ke loaʻa iā lākou i kekahi o nā kūlana ʻekolu o ka mea. kinoea, wai a paʻa. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole hōʻike ka hiʻohiʻona i ka mālamalama a hiki iā lākou ke loaʻa nā kala ʻokoʻa.

ʻO ka mea hope loa, hoʻohui like ʻia nā mea hao e nā pilina electromagnetic (ions i hoʻoili ʻia), ʻoiai nā ʻāpana non-metallic e hana i nā hanana molekoli paʻakikī ma o nā paʻa o nā ʻano like ʻole (hydrogen, peptide, etc.). No laila ka kemika kemika aiʻole ke ola o ka hope, ʻoiai ʻo nā kino ola i hana ʻia me nā hui o nā ʻano ʻelua.

Nā laʻana o nā metala

1. ʻO Iron (Fe). Kāhea ʻia nō hoʻi haoʻO ia kekahi o nā metala keu loa o ka honua. ʻO kāna waiwai kupaianaha, ʻokoʻa ka paʻakikī a me ka brittleness, kona mana nui ferromagnetic. Ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana iā ia me ke kalapona hiki ke loaʻa ke kila.
2. Makanekiuma (Mg). ʻO ke kolu o ka mea nui o ka Honua, ka ʻelua a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ke kai, ʻaʻole kū i ke kūlohelohe i kūlana maʻemaʻe, akā e like me nā ion i nā paʻakai. He mea nui ia no ke ola, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a me ka wela nui.
3. Gula (Au). ʻO kahi metala makamae melemele, palupalu i hana ʻole me ka hapa nui nā mea kemika koe wale no ka cyanide, mercury, chlorine, a me ka pāʻōlō. Ma loko o ka mōʻaukala he mea nui ia i ka moʻomeheu hoʻokele waiwai kanaka, ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o ka waiwai a me ke kākoʻo no nā kālā.
4. Kālā kālā (Ag). ʻO kekahi o nā metala makamae keʻokeʻo, ʻōlinolino, ductile a malleable, ʻike ʻia ia ma ke ʻano ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o nā minelala like ʻole a i ʻole he mau koʻokoʻo maʻemaʻe o ka mea, no ka mea maʻamau ia i ka iwi honua. ʻO ia ke alakaʻi ʻoi loa o ka wela a me ka uila i ʻike ʻia.
5. Aluminium (Al). ʻO ke kukui māmā loa, hao hao ʻole ferromagnetic, ke kolu o nā mea nui loa i ka honua. Kūpono nui ʻia ia i nā ʻoihana ʻenehana a me nā hao a me nā kila, ʻoiai ma o nā alloys hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻano kūʻē ʻoi aku ke kūpaʻa akā paʻa i ko lākou loea. Loaʻa kahi haʻahaʻa nuʻa a me ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi loa i ka popopo.
6. Nickel (Ni). Mea hao keʻokeʻo loa kālailai a maʻalahi loa, kahi alakaʻi maikaʻi o ka uila a me ka wela, a me ka ferromagnetic. ʻO ia kekahi o nā metala paʻa, me ka iridium, osmium, a me ka hao. He mea nui ia no ke ola, ʻoiai he ʻāpana ia o nā mea he nui nā ʻenekema a protein.
7. Kiniki (Zn). He metala hoʻololi ia e like me ka cadmium a me ka magnesium, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā hana galvanizing, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka pale pale o nā metala ʻē aʻe. Kūpaʻa loa ia i ke anuanu ea anuanu, ʻo ia ke kumu e hana ʻia ai ma luna o 100 ° C.
8. Alakaʻi (Pb). ʻO ke kumu wale nō e hiki ke hoʻokū i ka radioactivity ke kēpau. He kumumea kikoʻī loa ia, hāʻawi ʻia i kona mole mole mole mole, maʻalahi o ka hoʻoheheʻe a me ke kūpaʻa pili ʻana i nā waikawa ikaika e like me ka sulfuric a i ʻole ka hydrochloric.
9. Tin (Sn). Kaha hao kaumaha a maʻalahi hoʻi hoʻohenehene, hoʻohana 'ia i loko o nā mea a pau o alloys e hāʻawi i ke kūpaʻa i ka corrosion. Ke kūlou, hana ia i kahi leo ʻokoʻa loa i kapa ʻia ʻo "tin tin."
10. Sodium (Na). ʻO Sodium kahi palolo, silvery alkali metala i loaʻa i ke kai paʻakai a me ka halite mineral. He hana nui ia, oxidizable, a he hopena exothermic kolohe ke hui ʻia me ka wai. ʻO ia kekahi o nā mea nui o nā meaola i ʻike ʻia.

Nā laʻana o nā metala ʻole

1. Hydrogen (H). ʻO ke kumumanaʻo maʻamau a nui loa i ke ao holoʻokoʻa, he kinoea ia i loaʻa i ka lewa ʻelua (ma ke ʻano he mole diatomic H₂) ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka hapa nui o nā mea hoʻohui ʻokanika, a ke puhi nei hoʻi i ka fusion i ka puʻuwai o nā hōkū. ʻO ia nō hoʻi ka mea māmā, ʻaʻohe onaona, ʻaʻohe waihoʻoluʻu a ʻole hiki ʻole i ka wai.
2. Oxygen (O). Pono nui no ke ola a hoʻohana ʻia e nā holoholona no kā lākou kaʻina hana o ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ikehu (respiration), kēia gas (O₂) ʻano hana hoʻohoho nui ʻekehu me ka ʻaneʻane pau loa nā mea o ka papa manawa koe nā gases hanohano. ʻAneʻane hapalua ia o ka nui o ka pupa honua a he mea nui ia no ka helehelena o ka wai (H₂A I OLE).
3. Kalepona (C). ʻO ke kumuwaiwai waena o nā kemikaola āpau, i maʻa mau i nā mea ola āpau i ʻike ʻia a me kahi ʻāpana o nā 16 miliona mau pūhui e koi ai. Loaʻa ia i ke kūlohelohe i ʻekolu mau ʻano like ʻole: kalapona, graphite, a me nā daimana, i loaʻa ka helu like o nā ʻoma, akā hoʻonohonoho ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole. Me ka oxygen e hana i carbon dioxide (CO₂) pono no ka photosynthesis.
4. Sulphur (S). ʻO kahi mea palupalu, momona a me kahi ʻano pilau, he mea maʻamau ia i ka hana o ka mea ola āpau, a nui i nā ʻano lua pele. Yellowish a ʻole hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, pono ia no ke ola meaola a pono loa i nā kaʻina ʻoihana.
5. Pākuʻi (P). ʻOiai ʻaʻole ma ka mokuʻāina kūlohelohe, he ʻāpana nui ia o nā mea hoʻohui a me nā mea olae like me DNA a me RNA, a i ʻole ATP. He hana hou ia a i ka wā e launa pū ai me ka oxygen e lawe ia i kukui.
6. Nitrogen (N). Kinoea maʻamau diatomic (N₂) ʻo ia ka 78% o ka lewa i ka lewa a aia i loko o nā meaola he nui e like me ka amonia (NH₃), ʻoiai he kinoea haʻahaʻa reactivity ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me hydrogen a i ʻole oxygen.
7. Helium (He). ʻO ka lua o nā mea pinepine pinepine i ke ao holoʻokoʻa, keu hoʻi ma ke ʻano he huahana o ka fusion stellar o hydrogen, kahi e kū mai ai nā mea kaumaha. Pili ia a ʻEnekini hanohano, ʻo ia hoʻi, o ka aneane ʻole o ka reactivity, ke kala ʻole, ʻaʻohe ʻaʻala a me ka māmā loa, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e like me hoʻomālama aiʻole ma ke ʻano he coolant, i loko o kāna ʻano wai.
8. ʻO Chlorine (Cl). ʻO Chlorine i kona ʻano maʻemaʻe loa kahi kinoea melemele melemele (Cl) me kahi ʻala maikaʻi ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, nui ia i ke kūlohelohe a he ʻāpana ia o nā meaola a me nā meaolaola ʻole he nui, a he mea nui ia no ke ola. Me ka hydrogen, hana ʻia ʻo hydrochloric acid (HCl), kekahi o nā mana nui e kū nei.
9. ʻIodine (I). ʻO ke kumu o ka hui o halogens, ʻaʻole ia he reactive a me ka electronegative, ʻoiai e hoʻohana ʻia ia i ka lāʻau, i nā kiʻi paʻi kiʻi a me ke ʻano he colorant. ʻOiai he metala ʻole, loaʻa iā ia nā ʻano hao a hoihoi hou ʻia i ka mercury a me ka luaipele.
10. Selenium (Se). ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai a me ka waiʻona, akā hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka ether a me ka carbon disulfide, he waiwai photoelectric kēia mea (hoʻololi i ka mālamalama i ka uila) a he ʻāpana kūpono ia o ka hana kīʻaha. He meaʻai nō ia no nā ʻano a pau o ke ola, pono no nā amino acid he nui a aia i loko o nā meaʻai.