Anter
ʻO ka ʻike ʻike koʻohune a me ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike na ka Tincture of Gram, ua haku ʻia ia e ka ʻepekema Denemaka ʻo Christian Gram i ka makahiki 1884 a mai laila mai kona inoa. He aha ia ona?
Loaʻa iā ia o ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi moʻo o nā pigment a me nā mordants i kahi laʻana o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua, no laila ke hoʻokō nei i kahi kala ʻulaʻula a viole paha, e like me ka ʻano bacteria: ka Gram maikaʻi pane lākou i ka pigment a e ʻikea ka poni ma lalo o ka microscope; ʻoiai ka Gram maikaʻi ʻole pale lākou i ka pena ʻana a e ʻulaʻula a ʻulaʻula paha i ke kala.
Hōʻike kēia ʻokoʻa i ka pane i kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka envelope pūnaewele, mai ka gram maikaʻi He mānoanoa mānoanoa lākou o peptidoglycan (murein), kahi e hāʻawi ai iā lākou i ke kūʻē nui akā mālama iā lākou i ka waihoʻoluʻu i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. ʻO ka maikaʻi ʻole ka gram, ma kahi o, he pālua lipid membrane i loko o kā lākou envelope, no laila koi lākou i kahi papaha peptidoglycan lahilahi a, no laila, ʻaʻole lākou e poke i ke ala like.
Hōʻike kēia hana i kahi typology bacteria maoli, pono ke ʻike ʻia ka laha a me ka antibiotic koi 'ia e kaua aku ia.
ʻOiai he ʻano loli a he hapa nui nā koʻohune gram-positive, me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā meaola lawe lima (flagellates) a me photosynthetic, bacteria-maikaʻi bacteria. kuleana no ka nui o nā maʻi bacteria i make loa ʻia.
Nā laʻana o ka bacteria-maikaʻi bacteria
- Staphylococcus aureus. No nā abscesses, dermatitis, nā maʻi kūloko a me ka gastroenteritis hiki.
- ʻO Streptococcus pyrogenes. ʻO ke kumu o nā maʻi suppurative i ka hanu hanu, a me ke kuni rumatika.
- Streptococcus aglactiae. ʻO ka maʻamau i nā hihia o ka meningitis neonatal, endometritis a me ka niumonia.
- ʻO Streptococcus faecalis. ʻO ka maʻa mau i nā biliary a me nā maʻi maʻi urinary, noho i ke kolona kanaka.
- ʻO Streptococcus pneumoniae. He kuleana no ka maʻi puluma a me nā maʻi hanu, a me ka otitis, meningitis a me ka peritonitis.
- ʻO Streptococcus sanguis. Ke kumu o ka endocarditis, ke komo i ke kahe o ke koko ma o nā leona i kona wahi noho, ka waha a me ka mucosa niho.
- ʻO Clostridium tetani. ʻO ke koʻohune kuleana no ka tetanus e komo i ke kino mai ka honua ma o ka trauma i nā ʻaoʻao.
- Bacillus anthracis. ʻO ia ka bacteri anthrax kaulana, nā ʻano ʻelua o kāna cutaneite a me nā pulmonary.
- ʻO Clostridium botullinum. Ke kumu o ka botulism kahiko a me nā pēpē, ola ia i ka lepo a i nā meaʻai mālama maikaʻi ʻole ʻia.
- ʻO nā perfringes Clostridium. Hūnā kēia bacteri i nā mea make e luku i ka paia o ke keʻena, a he kuleana ia no nā gangrenes kinoea, enterrotrotrotrotrot enditis, a me endometritis.
Nā laʻana o ka bacteria bacteria maikaʻi ʻole
- Neisseria meningitidis. ʻO ka maʻi koʻohune weliweli e kumu i ka meningitis a me ka meningococcemia, noho i loko o ka hanu hanu kanaka a piʻi i nā meninges ma o ke kahe o ke koko.
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae. ʻIke ʻia no ke kumu o ka gonorrhea, kahi maʻi maʻamau i lawe ʻia i ka moekolohe.
- ʻO Escherichia coli. ʻO kahi kamaʻāina maʻamau o ke kolone o ke kanaka, pili ia i ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "diarrhea o ka mea huakaʻi", a me nā meningitis neonatal, sepsis a me nā maʻi urinary.
- ʻO Salmonella typhi. ʻO nā koʻohune kuleana no ka maʻi i ʻike ʻia he fiva typhoid, lawe pinepine ʻia e ke ala fecal-oral: hoʻohaumia wai, hoʻolei maikaʻi ʻole i ka excreta a i ʻole ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe hewa.
- ʻO Salmonella enteritidis. Hana pinepine ia i ka enterocoitis a me ka septicemia me nā abscesses inā hele ia mai ka ʻōpū i ke koko.
- Haemophilus influenzae. ʻO ka maʻamau aerobic bacillus, he kuleana ia no ka meningitis lehulehu, otitis, sinusitis, bronchopneumonia, cellulitis a me septic arthritis.
- ʻO Bordetella pertussis. ʻO ke kumu o ka maʻi i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he kohā, me ka make ʻana o ke pēpē kiʻekiʻe.
- ʻO Brucella abortus. Kuhi ia i ka brucellosis, kahi maʻi o nā bipi i lawe ʻia i ke kanaka ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana me nā holoholona a i ʻole ke ʻaʻa ʻana i nā huahana waiū ʻaʻole i hoʻopilipili ʻia.
- Francisella tularensis. ʻO ke kuleana no ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "fever rabbit" a i ʻole tularemia, lawe ʻia i ke kanaka e nā vector (mites a i ʻole nā ʻano exoparasites) o nā lāpaki, dia a me nā holoholona like.
- ʻO Pasteurella multocida. ʻO Anaerobic bacillus, lawe ʻia e ka nahu o nā holoholona ʻino maʻi, e like me nā pōpoki a me nā ʻīlio. Hoʻolahalaha ia ma o ka ʻili a hoʻopili i ka ʻōnaehana hanu, a ʻo ia hoʻi ka cellulite.
