15 Nā laʻana o nā noi ʻaila - 'Ōuli

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Hoʻohālikelike ʻaila
Nā laʻana o nā noi ʻaila

ʻO ka ʻAilika o ia he hoʻohuihuipaʻakikī,lahilahi a me bituminouso nā hydrocarbons, hana ʻia ma muli o ka sedimentation a me ka hoʻololi o ka wā kahiko mea ʻokanika, waiho ʻia i mau kenekulia i nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe a me nā mahana i ka papa o ka honua. ʻO nā wahi kahi e loaʻa ai ka aila i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ʻike ʻia ʻo nā māla aila.

Aia e pili ana kahi mea lapalapa me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka caloric a me nā noi ʻenehana he nui, keu hoʻi i ka hanauna o ka ikehu a me nā mea i hana ʻia no nā wahi hana like ʻole. Kēia kaʻina hana o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka aila maka i nā mea hoʻohana ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻia hoʻomaʻemaʻe a hana ia i loko o kahi hana hou.

ʻO ka waiwai nui o ka aila ka mea nui i ka honua o kēia au Hiki i nā fluctuations i ke kumukūʻai o ka crude ke hoʻololi i nā ʻoihana holoʻokoʻa a kāpae i ke kaulike kālā o ka honua i hoʻokahi ala a i ʻole kekahi..

ʻOiai he kumuwaiwai kūlohelohe ʻole, kuhi ʻia nā waihona aila honua ma 143,000 miliona mau tona, mahele kaulike ʻole ʻia ma nā ʻāina ʻelima: ʻo Venezuela nā waihona nui loa ma ka honua, ʻo ia hoʻi ma lalo o ke kahawai kahawai ʻo Orinoco a ma lalo o ka loko ʻo Maracaibo; ʻo ka Hikina Waena ka helu ʻelua a ʻo Mekiko, Kanada, ʻAtenekia a me Brazil ke kolu.

ʻO ka ʻAilika, kokoke Lānahu a nā hydrocarbons ʻē aʻe ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka mea i kapa ʻia wahie kākāhiko.

Hoʻohālikelike ʻaila

Hoʻomaopopo pinepine ʻia nā ʻano aila e kū nei e like me kā lākou API umekaumaha a i ʻole kekelē API, kahi ana o ka mānoanoa e hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka wai. ʻEhā ʻano o ka aila "crude", ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻaʻole i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia, e like me kēia ana:

ʻAlamu māmā a uila ʻole. Loaʻa iā 31.1 ° ma ka pālākiō API a ʻoi paha i ʻoi aku.
ʻO ka lawena waena a waena paha. Aia ma waena o 22.3 a me 31.1 ° API.
Aila kaumaha. Ka umekaumaha ma waena o 10 a 22.3 ° API.
Kino kaumaha ʻē. Ka umekaumaha ma lalo o 10 ° API.

A) ʻAe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka aila, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hana e hemo ai a no laila ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi o ka hana hana crude.

Nā laʻana o nā noi ʻaila

Ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻaukā. ʻO kekahi o nā wahie ʻO ka koi kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka honua nei ka petrolina i loko o kāna mau helu octane like ʻole, ʻoiai ʻo ia ka mea e hāʻawi i ka hana hoʻohālikelike kiʻekiʻe loa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea kuni ʻia ʻē aʻe, me kahi hopena e ʻae ʻia i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o nā ʻōpala ʻino a me nā kinoea e kōkua i ka aniau hoʻololi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kāna ʻai ʻana no nā kaʻa kaʻa kuni kūloko he mea nui loa ia ma ka pālākiō ākea e alualu ʻia nei nā ʻenehana ʻē aʻe a me nā hoʻokele waiwai i ka noi no ka penehine.
Iecaianoaaiiuo. ʻO nā lula ea polymers nā huahana ʻimi hoʻopunipuni i loaʻa mai ka synthesi o nā meaola kūlohelohe i loaʻa mai i ka aila, no kā lākou hoʻohui ʻana, ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ke anuanu, kahi hana e hāʻawi iā lākou i kā lākou ʻano hiki a me ko lākou kūʻē ʻana i ka deformation o ke kino. He kūpono loa lākou a koi ʻia i kahi helu pau ʻole o nā ʻoihana hana, nā mea mai kēia ʻano mea mai nā mea pāʻani, nā ipu, nā pono hana a me nā pono hana, i nā prosthetics lapaʻau a me nā ʻāpana hoʻokoe no ka mīkini.
Ka hanauna o ka uila. Hāʻawi ʻia i kona mana nui i hoʻā ʻana, ʻAila a me ka nui o kāna mau derivatives flammable i hoʻohana ʻia e hānai i nā paila o nā mea kanu hana uila. Me nā lānahu, nā hopena nuklea a uila uila, ʻo ka aila kahi ʻāpana o nā kumuwaiwai ikehu o kēia manawa, ʻoiai me ka uila i hana ʻia i nā ʻano hana palena ʻole i ka honua e hiki ai ke hoʻokele.
Hoʻomehana hale. ʻOiai aia kekahi mau mea hoʻomehana moku e hana i ke aloha no ka ʻai ʻana o ka uila a ʻaʻole nā mea kuni ʻia, hiki ke ʻike i nā mea he nui i pili ka hanauna wela i ka puhi mau ʻana, e like me ka gas (ʻo ka butane a me ka propane i loaʻa i ka wā o ka distillation ʻaila). ʻO ka mea hope loa, hoʻolako ʻia ʻia hoʻi ma o nā paukū a i ʻole nā paipu e hoʻoulu ai i nā lumi kuke a me nā mea hoʻomehana wai i nā hale o ka lehulehu.
Hana naelona. He ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hana ʻia ka nylon mai nā resins kūlohelohe, akā i kēia lā ua ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi a me ka ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka loaʻa ʻana mai iā benzene a me nā hydrocarbons ʻono ʻē aʻe (cyclohexanes) nā hopena o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o ka ʻaila.
Iecaianoaaiiuo acetonea me ka phenol. Acetone a me kekahi poʻe ʻē aʻe nā mea hoʻoheheʻe Hoʻohana ākea ʻia i kēia manawa i ka hana ʻana i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe, nā mea lawe polish a me nā huahana ʻē aʻe o kēia ʻano, synthesi maʻalahi ʻia lākou mai nā hydrocarbons ʻaʻala i loko o ka ʻaila, ʻo ia hoʻi ka cumene (isopropylbenzene). Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau huahana i mea hoʻokomo i ka ʻoihana lāʻau.
Loaʻa ka ʻaila māla. ʻO kēia wahie, i kapa ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka petrolene a i ʻole canfin, i loaʻa ʻia ma o ka distillation o ka aila a loaʻa kahi waena waena ma waena o ka penehane a me ka diesel. Hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he wahie i loko o nā mīkini uila a me nā ʻenekini jet, i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe a i ʻole mehana. Ma mua he wahi koʻikoʻi ia i ka hānau ʻana o nā kukui lehulehu i nā kūlanakauhale, ma mua o ka hana ʻia ʻana me ka ʻaila a laila uila. Ke kūʻai ʻia nei nā kukui Kerosene.
Loaʻa i ka asphalt. ʻIke ʻia hoʻi me ka bitumena, he lāpiki kēia, viscous, a hina-hina i hana i ka hapa nui o nā aila crude. ʻO ia, ke kuhi ʻia ka aila a loaʻa nā wahie a me nā hoʻokomo i hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia, ʻo ka mea i koe he asphalt. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, hoʻohana ʻia ia e like me ka uhi ʻana i nā ʻenehana hoʻoheheʻe wai a me he mea hoʻopaʻa i ke kūkulu ʻana o nā ala nui, nā alanui a me nā hana ʻē aʻe o ke alanui.
Ka hana tar. ʻO ka tar ka mānoanoa, pouli, viscous a me nā mea ʻaʻala ikaika, ka huahana o ka distillation luku o nā mea e like me ka lānahu, kekahi mau lāʻau resinous, nā minelala a me ka aila pū kekahi. Hoʻohui ia o nā mea kūlohelohe, nona ka loli i loaʻa mai i ka lānahu a i ʻole ka aila he mea ʻona nui a carcinogenic. ʻOiai, he mau ʻenehana ʻenehana ia, i nā pena, nā resine ʻoihana, a me kāna mau mea make liʻiliʻi i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana kopa a me ka paka.
Loaʻa nā olefins māmā. Kapa ʻia ʻo Ethylene, propylene a me butene i kēia ala, nā mea i loaʻa i ka wā o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka aila a hāʻawi i nā hoʻokomo kumuwaiwai i nā ʻoihana like ʻole me nā lāʻau lapaʻau, ka hana ʻana o nā huila kaʻa, nā plastics a me nā olonā synthetic no ka lole lole.
Hana o nā mea hoʻomomona. ʻO nā huahana e pili ana i ka petrochemical ʻoihana nitrogenous a i ʻole sulphated i hoʻohui ʻia, i hoʻohui ʻia i ka lepo, hāʻawi i ke ola o nā mea kanu me kahi hoʻonui pono i ka meaʻai. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau mea momona i ka mahiʻai a me ka hoʻokolohua olaola.
Ka hana ʻana i nā pesticides a me nā lāʻau make. Nā hoa mahiʻai o nā mea hoʻomomona, pesticides a me herbicides e hakakā i nā mea kolo, fungi, nā mea kanu parasite a me nā mea keakea i ka hana mahiʻai, loaʻa mau nā xylenes, amonia a me nā amides, i loaʻa ʻia e ka petrochemical ʻoihana ma o nā ʻano hana like ʻole o ka kaʻawale ʻana o nā mea hoʻohui ʻokanika a me ka lapaʻau kemikala.
Hana o nā aila lubricating. ʻO kēlā me kēia pahu aila hoʻomaʻemaʻe, wānana ʻia he 50% o nā kumu paraffinic a naphhenic paha, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā aila kūmole o ke kumu kūlohelohe e lilo i mea waiwai a koi aku i ka lubricant no ka hana maikaʻi loa o nā mīkini like ʻole, e like me nā ʻenekini kaʻa, o kahi laʻana. Hiki i kēia mau lubricants ke minelala (kuhikuhi pololei mai ka ʻaila ʻaila) a i ʻole synthetic (i loaʻa i ka hale hana, mai ka ʻaila a i ʻole nā kumuwaiwai ʻē aʻe).
Loaʻa nā lako no ka hale hana. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻohana koke ʻia nā huahana e ka nui o nā ʻoihana aila i loko o kāna mau pae ʻokoʻa, akā lawelawe lākou i mea hoʻokomo i ka hana o nā hale hana kemika o nā ʻano like ʻole. ʻO ka hiki ke loaʻa ka sulfur, hydrogen, nitrogen a i ʻole nā mea ʻē aʻe nā mea kemika ʻO nā mea kumu ma ke kaulahao o kēia mau hydrocarbons, a i ʻole nā derivatives e like me ka amonia a i ʻole ether, e hana i ka aila i kumuwaiwai pau ʻole o mea maka.
Ka loaʻa ʻana o ka diesel. Kapa ʻia hoʻi ʻo ka diesel, a i ʻole ma ke ʻano i makemake nui ʻia: diesel, ua haku ʻia kēia wahie wai a aneane holoʻokoʻa o nā paraffins a ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻena ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka mana hoʻomehana haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka petrololina. Ma muli o kēia mānoanoa, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka diesel a ʻoi iki ka hoʻohaumia ʻana ma mua o kēia, akā hoʻohana ʻia ia no ka lawe ukana a me nā moku.