Anter
ʻO ka ʻaha hui pū he ʻano o ka launa pū ma waena o nā meaola o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa. Hoʻohālikelike ia no ka mea, mahalo i kēia pilina, pili nā meaola ʻelua i ka pōmaikaʻi, e hoʻonui nei i kā lākou biological aptitude (hiki ke ola a me ka hānau hou ʻana ma ke ʻano he lāhui).
He mea nui e hoʻokaʻawale i ka mutualism mai nā ʻano hana like ʻole ma waena o nā meaola.
- Palekana: Ke hānai ke meaola i kekahi mea ʻino, hana ʻino iā ia akā me ka pepehi ʻole ʻia.
- ʻO Commensalism: Kū ʻia ke keu keu pono mai ka pilina, ʻoiai ʻaʻole pōmaikaʻi ʻia kekahi ʻē aʻe a ʻeha paha.
- Mākaukau: Kū ia ke hilinaʻi ʻia nā ʻano ʻelua i nā kumuwaiwai like. ʻO kahi laʻana, inā ʻai nā ʻano scavenger ʻelua i nā holoholona like, pono lākou e hoʻokūkū no ke komo ʻana i ka meaʻai. Kū ka pilina hoʻokūkū ke loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ke alo o kekahi ʻano i kekahi a ʻo ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe.
- ʻO Predation: Hana ʻia i ka wā e hānai ai kekahi ʻano i kekahi.
- Alu like 'ana: Loaʻa nā pōmaikaʻi ʻelua akā hiki ke noho kaʻawale.
ʻAʻole like me nā ʻano hana like ʻē aʻe, he mea nui ka mutualism no ke ola a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻano ʻelua.
Hoʻohana kekahi mau mea kākau symbiosis ma ke ʻano he synonym no mutualism ʻoiai manaʻo kekahi i ka mutualism ma ke ʻano he symbiosis wale nō i nā hihia kahi e pono ai ka pilina no ke ola.
Hiki i nā ʻano o ka mutualism ke:
- Kumuwaiwai - Kumuwaiwai: Loaʻa i nā ʻano ʻelua i ka pilina ka ʻano like o ke kumuwaiwai. ʻO kahi laʻana, loaʻa iā lāua ka meaʻai i hiki ʻole ke kiʻi iā lākou iho.
- Hana - Kumuwaiwai: ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano keu pono mai kahi kumuwaiwai a hāʻawi i kahi lawelawe.
- Hana - Lawelawe: Loaʻa nā ʻohana ʻelua i kahi lawelawe i hāʻawi ʻia e kekahi.
Hiki iā ia ke lawelawe iā ʻoe:
- Nā laʻana o Symbiosis
- Nā laʻana o nā kaulahao meaʻai
- Nā laʻana o Coevolution
Nā laʻana o ka mutualism
Mycorrhiza a me nā mea kanu
ʻO lākou ka pilina symbiotic ma waena o kahi fungus a me nā aʻa o nā mea kanu ʻāina. Loaʻa i ka fungus ka huʻihuʻi a me nā huaora i hiki ʻole ke synthesize iā ia iho.
Loaʻa i ka mea kanu nā meaola mineral a me ka wai. He mea nui loa ʻo Mycorrhiza no ke ola ʻana o nā mea kanu i manaʻo ʻia aia ma waena o 90 a 95% o nā ʻano terrestrial. He pilina pili waiwai kēia, ʻoiai loaʻa nā mea kanu i nā mea kanu āpau a me nā fungi.
Pollination
ʻO ia ka pilina kikoʻī ma waena o kahi holoholona a me kahi mea kanu angiosperm. ʻO nā mea kanu Angiosperm nā mea i loaʻa nā pua me nā stamens (nā kāne hānau kāne) a me nā carpels (nā wahine hānau wahine). ʻO nā pua i loaʻa i nā stamens nā mea i loaʻa ka pollen, kahi e pono ai i nā kalepona o nā pua ʻē aʻe e hoʻokō i ka hana hou ʻana o ka mea kanu.
Hana kekahi mau holoholona ma ke ʻano he pollinator, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma ke ʻano he lawe i ka pollen mai kekahi pua a i kekahi. Hiki i nā Pollinators ke pi, nīnū, nū, lele, butterflies, beetles, a me nā manu. Hiki i kekahi mau māmela ke lilo i pollinator, e like me ka ʻōpeʻapeʻa, kekahi marsupial, rodents, a me nā mōʻī. He pilina pili waiwai-lawelawe kēia, no ka mea hāʻawi nā holoholona i ka lawelawe o ka pollination ʻoiai nā mea kanu e hāʻawi i ka waiwai o ka nectar a i ʻole ka pollen.
Nā Ruminants a me nā Microorganism
I ka ʻōpū o ruminants (nā holoholona e ʻeli i nā pae ʻelua) aia nā kaiāulu o meaolaola ʻae iā lākou e ʻeli i ka cellulose i kā lākou meaʻai. ʻO nā microorganism e pōmaikaʻi i ka meaʻai i loaʻa.
ʻO ka iʻa anemone a clown
ʻO ke anemone kai e like me ka pua, like me symmetrical. Hoʻopuka ia i kahi mea ʻona i kapa ʻia he actinoporins, a he hopena lōlō kona. ʻO Clownfish (amphiprioninae) he ʻulaʻula, ʻulaʻula, ʻeleʻele, melemele, ʻalani, a me nā kaha keʻokeʻo.
Pili nā ʻano like ʻole o ka clownfish me nā ʻano anemones. ʻAe pale kēia mau iʻa i nā actinoporins, i ʻae iā lākou e neʻe ma waena o nā hale o ka anemone, kahi e loaʻa ai iā lākou kahi e hoʻomoe ai, nā meaʻai, a me nā pale mai nā iʻa nui aku. Pōmaikaʻi ka anemone no ka mea hoʻopau ka iʻa i nā parasites a me nā meaola ʻē aʻe e hōʻino iā ia. He lawelawe kēia - pilina lawelawe.
ʻO Acacia a me nā ant
ʻO ka acacia cornígera a i ʻole ka pepeiaohao bipi kahi ulu lāʻau i hiki i 10 mau mika ke kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kona inoa ma muli o ka nui o nā spine hollowed nui e like me nā pepeiaohao bipi. Noho ka naonao i loko o ka lāʻau, e ʻai ana i nā kō i hana ai ka mea kanu.
Pōmaikaʻi ka mea kanu mai ka pale ʻana o nā nahele mai nā holoholona hihiu hiki ke ʻai i kona mau wana, ka palena ʻana i kona ulu a me kona ola ʻana. Hoʻohui ʻia, ʻai nā lūlū i nā mea kanu ʻē aʻe a puni ka acacia, hoʻopau i nā pilina o ka hoʻokūkū no nā kumuwaiwai e like me ka wai, ka lā a māhuaola.
Nā huluhulu a me nā aphids
ʻO Aphids (aphididae) he mau kolo ʻaʻole pili a pili paha i nā ʻutu. ʻO Aphids nā parasites o nā mea kanu angiosperm. I loko o lākou e hana ai i mau lua liʻiliʻi i nā lau, mai kahi e omo ai lākou i ka wai.
Hele aku nā naʻu i nā aphids a hamo iā lākou me kā lākou antennae. A laila hūnā ka aphid i ka meli, kahi mea i lawelawe i nā naonao e like me ka meaʻai. Pōmaikaʻi ʻo Aphids i ke kū mai o nā naonao, ka mea e pale iā lākou i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka iʻa a me ka pala
Pepehi ʻo Prawns i nā parasite i loaʻa i ka ʻili o kekahi iʻa. Loaʻa i nā ʻano ʻelua nā pono like me nā pilina ma waena o nā hippos a me nā manu a me nā buffaloes a me nā herons.
ʻO Lichens a me nā limu
ʻO lākou nā fungi i kahi papa lahilahi o nā limu limu ma ko lākou ʻili. 25% o nā lā fungal e hoʻohana i kēia hui. ʻO ke keu pono i loaʻa i ka haʻalulu ke kalapona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka limu wai mahalo i ka photosynthesis a lākou e hana ai. Loaʻa ka limu algae no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopili i nā wahi noho loa.
Ka toad a me ka nananana
ʻO ka tarantula kahi ʻano nui o ka nananana. Hāʻawi ia i ka toad mouthed toad e noho i kāna lua ma ka pale ʻana iā ia mai nā parasites a me ka mālama ʻana i kāna mau hua. Loaʻa i ka toad ke kōkua mai ka pale o ka tarantula.
ʻO Herona a me buffalo
ʻO ka Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) he manu pelecaniform. Ma ʻApelika, ukali kēia mau manu i nā zebras, antelope, wildebeest, a me ka buffalo kaffir. ʻO ke ʻano kaulana o ka mutualism ka mea i hoʻokumu ʻia me nā buffaloes, kahi a lākou e hemo ai i nā parasites, kahi e hānai ai lākou. He lawelawe kēia - pilina pili waiwai.
ʻO ka iʻa a me ka prawn makapō
He iʻa ʻo Luther's goby me ka maka maka maikaʻi i nele i ka lima. ʻE ʻeli ka prawn makapō i ke ana a i ke ana paha o ka papa kai e ʻae ai iā lāua ʻelua e pale iā lākou iho. Pōmaikaʻi ka prawn no ka mea hele pū me ka iʻa ke hele ʻo ia e nānā i ka meaʻai, me kāna antennae ma ke kino o ka iʻa, nāna e hōʻike i ke ala a me ka makaʻala iā ia i nā mea ʻino.
Hipopotamu a me nā manu
E like me nā buffalo, hānai kekahi manu i nā parasite i loaʻa ma ka ʻili hippos. Pōmaikaʻi ka hippo mai ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o nā meaola nāna e hōʻeha iā ia ʻoiai ʻaʻole hānai wale ka manu akā loaʻa ka pale o ka hippopotamus.
Hiki ke lawelawe iā ʻoe
- Nā laʻana o Symbiosis
- Nā laʻana o ka Commensalism
- Nā laʻana o nā kaulahao meaʻai
- Nā laʻana o ka Parasitism
- Nā laʻana o Coevolution
