15 Nā laʻana o Oxidizers - 'Ōuli

Anter

"Redox"
Nā laʻana o nā oxidizers

Nā mea mea hoʻoheheʻe (O) nā mea hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ma lalo o nā kūlana kikoʻī o ka mahana a me ke kaomi, hiki ke hui pū me kahi wahie a hana, pololei, i hoʻā ʻana. I kēia kaʻina hana e hoʻoliʻiliʻi ka mea hoʻowali i ka wahie a ʻo ka mea hope i oxidized e ka mea mua.

ʻO nā oxidizers nā ʻokena oxidizing, prone i ka exothermic hoʻemi-oxidation i nā hopena (hana lākou i ka wela), no laila he nui nā ʻano o nā mea i manaʻo ʻia i waena o nā mea weliweli a i ʻole ka mālama pono ʻana, ʻoiai hiki iā lākou ke hana i nā wela nui.

Kapa ʻia ʻo oxidizer, ma o ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana, i nā mea waena i hiki ai ke kuni.

E nānā pū: Nā laʻana o nā wahie

"Redox"

ʻO ka mea hoʻoheheʻeMa ke ʻano he oxidants, hana lākou i nā hopena ʻo "redox", ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa like a me ka hoʻowali ʻana. I kēia ʻano hopena, hiki ke hoʻololi i ka electron i ka nui o ka loaʻa o ka oxidant electrons (hoʻoliʻiliʻi) a lilo ka mea reducer i mau electrons (oxidizes). Hoʻopili nā mea āpau āpau, me ka hoʻohui.

ʻO nā laʻana o kēia ʻano ʻano nā hopena o ka pahū, synthes kemika a me ka popopo.

Nā laʻana o nā oxidizers

Oxygen (ʻO₂). ʻO ka maikaʻi o ka oxidizer, pili i ka hopena o nā hopena flammable a pahū paha. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hiki i ke ahi maʻamau ke hana i kona wā e hele ʻole ai. Ma ka laulā, hana nā hana redox mai ka oxygen e hana, i ka hoʻohui i ka ikehu, nā nui o CO₂ a me ka wai.
Ozone (ʻ.₃). ʻO kahi mole kinoea i ʻike ʻole ʻia i ke kaiapuni, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka nui i nā papa o luna o ka lewa, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ia i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai a me nā hana ʻē aʻe e hoʻohana ana i ka hiki ke hana i ka hana oxidizing ikaika.
Hydrogen peroxide (H₂A I OLE₂). ʻIke ʻia hoʻi me he hydrogen peroxide a i ʻole dioxogen, he polar nui ia, wai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e hōʻino i nā ʻeha a i ʻole lauoho huluhulu. Kūleʻa ʻole kāna ʻano a mālama ʻia e wāwahi i loko o ka wai a me nā mole oxygen, e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka ikehu wela i ke kaʻina. ʻAʻole hiki ke wela, akā hiki iā ia ke hoʻoulu i ka puhi kūlohelohe i ka wā o ke keleawe, kālā, keleawe a i ʻole kekahi meaola..
Hypochlorites (ClO-). Hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau ʻona i loko o nā pūhui like ʻole e like me ka wai bleach (sodium hypochlorite) a i ʻole nā pauka (calcium hypochlorite), kūpaʻa ʻole a makemake e decompose i ke alo o ka lā, ka wela a me nā kaʻina hana ʻē aʻe. Hana lākou i ka exothermically loa i nā meaola, hiki ke kumu i ke ahi, a me ka manganese, e hana ana i nā permanganates..
ʻO Permanganates. ʻO kēia nā paʻakai i loaʻa mai ka permanganésic acid (HMnO₄), kahi a lākou e hoʻoilina ai ka anion MnO₄^– a no laila manganese i loko o kāna kūlana ʻoi loa. Kūleʻa lākou i kahi kala viola ikaika a me kahi flammability kiʻekiʻe loa i ka pili ʻana me nā meaola., ke hana nei i kahi lapalapa ahi a hiki ke hana i nā wela nui.
ʻAkika peroxosulfuric (H₂SW₅). ʻO kēia paʻa paʻa ʻole waihoʻoluʻu, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma 45 ° C, he nui nā ʻoihana ʻoihana he disinfectant a hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a i ka hanauna o nā paʻakai waikawa i ke alo o nā mea e like me ka potassium (K). I ke alo o nā moleolaola, e like me nā ether a me nā ketones, hana ʻia nā mole kūpaʻa ʻole ma o ka peroxygenation, e like me ka acetone peroxide.
Acetone peroxide (C₉H₁₈A I OLE₆). ʻIke ʻia he peroxyketone, he mea pahū nui kēia hui meaola, no ka mea maʻalahi ka wela, ka hakakā a me ka hopena. ʻO ia ke kumu i hoʻohana ai nā mea hoʻoweliweli he detonator i kā lākou hoʻouka kaua ʻana a ʻaʻole i hōʻeha ʻia kekahi mau kemika i ka lawelawe ʻana iā ia. He mole kūpaʻa paʻa ʻole ia, a i ka wā e decomposed i loko o nā mea paʻa hou aʻe hoʻokuʻu i ka nui loa o ka ikehu (entropic pahū).
ʻO Halogens. ʻO kekahi mau mea o ka pūʻulu VII o ka papa manawa, i ʻike ʻia ʻo halogens, makemake e hana i nā iona mononegative ma muli o ko lākou pono no nā uila e hoʻopau i kā lākou pae ikehu hope loa. pēlā e hana ai i nā paʻakai i ʻike ʻia me nā halide e hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui ʻia.
Mea hoʻohoihoi ʻo Tollens. Ua kapa ʻia e ka mea kelemania Kelemania ʻo Bernhard Tollens, kahi wai aineous o ka diamine (ʻelua mau amine: NH₃) a me ke kālā, o ka hoʻohana hoʻokolohua i ka ʻike ʻana i nā aldehydes, ʻoiai ka hiki i kā lākou hiki ke hana oxidizing hiki ke hoʻolilo iā lākou i mau waikawa carboxylic. Eia nō naʻe ʻo Tollens reagent, inā mālama ʻia no ka manawa lōʻihi, hana wale ia ka fulminate kālā (AgCNO), kahi paʻakai kālā pahū nui..
ʻO Osmium Tetroxide(Keawe₄). ʻOiai ka rarity o osmium, loaʻa i kēia hui he mau noi hoihoi, hoʻohana, a me nā waiwai. I ka paʻa, no ka laʻana, he maʻalahi loa ia: lilo ia i gas i ke ana wela o ka lumi. ʻOiai he oxidant mana, me nā hoʻohana he nui i ke keʻena hoʻokolohua ma ke ʻano he catalyst, ʻaʻole ia e pane me nā mea ʻaihue, akā he ʻawahia nui ia i ka nui o nā mea i hiki ke ʻike ʻia e ka honi kanaka.
ʻO nā paʻakai Perchloric acid (HClO₄). Nā paʻakai Perchlorate i loko o ka chlorine i kahi mokuʻokikena kiʻekiʻe, e kūpono ana iā lākou no ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea pāhū, nā pono hana pyrotechnic a me nā wahie rocket, no ka mea he oxidizer nui lākou me ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi.
Nā Nitrates (NO₃^–). E like me nā permanganate, he paʻakai lākou kahi kahi a ka nitrogen e noho ai i kahi mokuʻāina ʻoi loa. Hōʻike kūlohelohe kēia ʻano hui i ka palaho ʻana o nā ʻōpala olaola e like me ka urea a i ʻole kekahi mau protein nitrogenous, e hana ana i ka amonia a i ʻole amonia, a hoʻohana ākea ʻia i nā mea momona. He ʻāpana nui ia o ka pauka ʻeleʻele, e hoʻohana ana i kona mana hoʻoheheʻe e hoʻololi i ke kalapona a me ka luaipele a hoʻokuʻu i ka ikehu caloric..
Nā Suloxides. Loaʻa ʻia e ka oxidation organik o sulfides, hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hui i nā lāʻau lapaʻau lehulehu a i ke alo o ka nui o oxygen e hiki iā lākou ke hoʻomau i kā lākou kaʻina hana oxidation a lilo i mau sulfones, pono e like me antibiotics.
ʻO Chromium trioxide (CrO₃). ʻO kēia hui kahi paʻa o ka ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula, soluble i ka wai a pono i nā kaʻina hana o ka galvanizing a me ka chromating o nā metala. ʻO ka launa wale ʻana me ka ethanol a i ʻole nā mea ʻokanika ʻē aʻe e kumu i ka hoʻā koke ʻana o kēia lāʻau., ka mea hoʻowahāwahā nui, ʻona a me ka carcinogenic, a me kahi ʻāpana nui o ka hexavalent chromium, kahi hui weliweli loa no ke kaiapuni.
Pūhui me cerium VI. ʻO Cerium (Ce) kahi mea kemika o ke kauoha o nā lanthanides, kahi mea kila palupalu hina, ductile, oxidized maʻalahi. Hoʻohana ākea ʻia nā cerium oxides ʻokoʻa i nā ʻoihana, keu hoʻi i ka hana ʻana i nā match a ma ke ʻano he pōhaku māmā ("tinder") ma o kahi mea hao me ka hao., ʻoiai ʻo ka hakakā wale nō me nā ʻilikai ʻē aʻe ua lawa ia e hana i nā huna ahi a me ka wela hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia.