ʻO nā wahie

Anter

• Nā ʻano wahie
• ʻAno wahie
• Nā laʻana o nā wahie

Kāhea ʻia wahie i nā mea āpau i hiki i nā hopena o hoʻohenehene nā pūʻali koa kolohe e hoʻokuʻu i ka nui o ka ikehu wela (exothermic), e hoʻokuʻu pinepine ana i ka carbon dioxide (CO₂) a me nā hui kemika ʻē aʻe e like me ka ʻōpala. ʻIke ʻia kēia hana ma ke ʻano he kuni ʻana a pane i ke kumuhana:

wahie + oxidizer = huahana + ikehu

• ʻO ka wahie a laila,nā mea lapalapa, nona ka mana caloric maʻamauhiki i ke kanaka e hoʻomehana i kou mau home, kuke i kāu meaʻai, a hana pū i ka uila (e like me nā mea kanu mana) a i ʻole ka neʻe (e like me nā ʻenekini kuni kūloko).
• ʻO kamea hoʻoheheʻe, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, nā mea a i ʻole nā ​​mea hiki ke hāpai i kēia kaʻina hana kuni. ʻO lākou nā oxidants mana nui.

Nā ʻano wahie

Aia kekahi ʻano o ka wahie a me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana iā lākou, akā i waena o nā mea āpau paha ka mea nui e noʻonoʻo nei i kā lākou kumukānāwai kemika, ʻo ia hoʻi:

• ʻO nā wahie minerale. Aia e pili ana metala a me nā mea i loaʻa mai ke kūlohelohe a maʻalahi i ka puhi ʻana ma lalo o nā kūlana kūlohelohe a i ʻole ma nā kūlana kikoʻī, e like me nā metala e hana i ka lapalapa me ka ʻole o ka oxygen.
• Nā wahie kūpale. Pili ia i nā kaulahao lōʻihi o ʻāpana uila o ke kumu kumu, kahi, i hoʻokau ʻia i nā kaomi kaiapuni a me hoʻohiehie lilo lākou i mau mea o ka mana caloric kiʻekiʻe, e like me ka aila a me ka lānahu.
• Nā wahie hoʻohuihui. ʻO kēia nā mea radioactive kūlohelohe a synthetic paha, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka emission e hana i nā hopena atomic chain me kahi mana exothermic gigantic, e like me nā mea i kū i kahi pōpoki atomika.
• ʻO Biofuels. ʻO kēia nā mea i kuni ʻia i loaʻa mai ka hana a me ka fermentation anaerobic o ʻōpala ʻokanika, e hana i nā ʻalekohola a i ʻole nā ​​ether o ka hiki i ke ʻano calories akā haʻahaʻa loa ke kumu kūʻai.
• ʻO nā wahie kūlohelohe. Aia e pili ana nā momona, aila a me nā mea ʻē aʻe o ke kumu ola e ʻae i kona ʻano i ka hoʻā ʻana ma lalo o kekahi mau ʻano a e hoʻohana pinepine ai mākou i ka lumi kuke.

ʻAno wahie

Loaʻa i nā Fuels kahi mau loli kemika e hōʻike i kā lākou waiwai kikoʻī a mai kahi e aʻo ʻia ai, e like me:

• Mahana hoʻomehana. ʻO ka hanauna hanauna wela o ka wahie, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hana wela i ka wā o ka puhi ʻana.
• Mahana pā hōhā. ʻO ke kiko o ka wela a me ke kaomi e pono ai no ka puhi ʻana a i ʻole ka lapalapa ahi i loko o ka mea, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi mehana hou e hoʻomau ai.
• Ka mānoanoa a me ka viscosity. Nā ʻano o nā mea i kuni ʻia e hōʻike i kona wai a me kāna nuʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka nui o ke kaupaona o nā mea e like me ka nui o kāna e lawe ai a me ke kēkelē o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana ma waena o kāna mau huna.
• Maʻiʻo hamo. Hoʻohālikelike i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wai i loko o ka wahie.

Nā laʻana o nā wahie

1. Lānahu. ʻO ka lānahu kekahi o nā ʻano o ke kalapona i ke ʻano, me ka graphite a me nā diamana: nā hōʻuluʻulu o ʻĀtoma o kēia mea, akā hoʻonohonoho ʻia i kahi ala ʻokoʻa loa, no laila ua ʻoi aku ke kūpaʻa o kekahi ma mua o nā mea ʻē aʻe a ʻokoʻa ke kino a me nā waiwai kemika. I ke kumu o ka lānahu o nā minelala, he pōhaku ʻeleʻele a me ka sedimentary pōhaku loa ia, no ka mea he nui nā mea o ka hydrogen, sulfur a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
2. Laau. Hoʻopili ʻia o cellulose a me lignin, hūnā ʻia e ke kumu o nā kumu lāʻau, ulu ka lāʻau i kēlā me kēia makahiki i kahi ʻōnaehana o nā apo concentric. ʻO ia ka ʻāpana wahie quintessential no nā umu, nā kapuahi ahi a me nā mea hou aku mai ka wā kahiko mai, no ka mea maʻalahi ka ʻā ʻana a hana i nā ahi ahi (no ka kuke ʻana ma ka pā. Hoʻokumu pinepine kēia i nā ahi ulu lāʻau e hiki ke ʻai i nā lāʻau nui a mea ʻokanika maloo.
3. ʻO Kerosene. ʻIke ʻia he canfin a kerex paha, he hui wai ia o nā hydrocarbons, lapalapa a loaʻa ʻia e ka distillation aila, hoʻohana mua ʻia i nā kapuahi a me nā kukui a hoʻohana ʻia i kēia lā ma ke ʻano he jet fuel (Jet Petrol) a me ka hana pesticides. A me ka mea hoʻoheheʻe.
4. ʻEnekini. ʻO ka huahana i hoʻomaʻemaʻe loa ʻia o nā aila aila wahie, i loaʻa i kēia hui ʻana o hydrocarbons e distillation haʻihaʻi (FCC) a hoʻohana ʻia e hana i nā ʻenekini kuni kūloko ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Loaʻa iā ia kahi hana ikehu kiʻekiʻe ma nā ʻano o kāna nui a hoʻonohonoho ʻia e like me ka helu octane o kēia manawa a i ʻole helu octane. Hoʻokuʻu aku naʻe kāna kuni i nā kinoea he nui a nā mea ʻona i ka lewa.
5. ʻAlekohola. ʻIke ʻia kēia inoa i nā mea ʻokanika i haku ʻia i kahi hui hydroxyl (-OH) covalently i hoʻopili ʻia i kahi atomic carbon saturated. He mea maʻa mau lākou i ke ʻano a hana ʻia ma ke ʻano he hopena o ka fermentation nā kō kōpaʻa. ʻO kā lākou waiwai kemika kikoʻī e hoʻolilo iā lākou i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi, nā wahie a, i ka hihia kikoʻī o ka ethanol, kahi ʻāpana o nā ʻuhane he nui.
6. Kinoea kūlohelohe. ʻO Ke Kinoea Kūlohelohe a wahie fossil huahana o ka huikau māmā o nā hydrocarbons gaseous i hiki ke loaʻa i loko o nā waihona wai i lalo a i ʻole me nā koina a me nā waihona aila i kūlohelohe. Hoʻohana ākea ia e hoʻohana i nā ʻenekini kuni, hoʻomehana kūlanakauhale a me nā mea kanu mana.
7. ʻAilika mea kanu. Loaʻa kēia hui kūlohelohe mai nā hua, nā hua a me nā koʻokoʻo o nā mea kanu i hana ʻia ai nā pūnaewele, e like me ka pua pua pua, ka ʻoliva a me ka palaoa paha. Hoʻokumu ʻia ia, e like me ka nui o nā waikawa momona, ʻekolu o nā waikawa momona i hoʻopili ʻia i kahi mole glycerin, ʻo ia ke kumu e hoʻohana ʻia ai ia no ka meaʻai - no ka kuke ʻana, e hana i nā kopa a me nā huahana ʻē aʻe, a ʻoiai he biofuel i nā kaʻa hybrid a i hoʻololi ʻia paha.
8. Benzene. ʻO kēia hydrocarbon ʻaʻala o ka haʻina kemikala C₆H₆, nona nā ʻāpana kalapona e noho i nā piko o ka hexagon maʻamau, he wai kala ʻole a wela ʻole ia, carcinogenic a me kahi ʻala onaona. ʻO ia paha ka kemika i hana nui ʻia ma ka honua, no ka mea he mea nui ia e synthesize i nā hydrocarbons ʻē aʻe a nā mea hoʻohui kemika, me ka hoʻohui i kahi ʻāpana nui o nā wahie kaʻa he nui a me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe.
9. Makanekiuma. ʻO ke kinikona me ka hōʻailona Mg, ka hiku o ka nui i ka pahu honua a ʻo ke kolu i waena o nā mea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai kai. He ion pono ia no nā ʻano a pau o ke ola, ʻoiai ʻaʻole maemae ke ʻano o kēia metala. He lapalapa ahi ia, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana a i ʻole ka lepo, e hana ana i ke kukui keʻokeʻo ikaika i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā lā mua o ke kiʻi. Eia naʻe, i ka manawa i huli ʻia he paʻakikī e hoʻopau, hāʻawi ʻia i kāna reactivity me nitrogen a me CO.₂ o ka lewa.
10. Propane. Kinoea ʻaʻala a ʻaʻala ʻole me ke ʻano kemika C₃H₈, nona ka nui o ka wela a me ka pahū e hoʻolilo ia i mea kūpono, me ka gas butane (C₄H₁₀), i ka umu ahi, nā kapuahi a me nā wahi kūloko ʻē aʻe, ʻoiai ma ka mahana wela ka inert a no laila palekana ia. Loaʻa nā mea ʻelua mai nā ʻano ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe aila a hui pū lākou i ka hapa nui o nā kinoea kuni i ka hoʻohana maʻamau i kēia lā (gas liquefied) i nā paukū a me nā kaʻa kaʻa.