Anter
ʻO ka wahie kākāhiko ʻo ia ka poʻe i hoʻomaka mai i ka nui o nā meaola (biomass) i hana ʻia he mau miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei a kanu ʻia i loko o nā papa o ka ʻāina o lalo, kahi o ke kaomi, ka mahana a me nā hana ʻino-ʻino i hoʻokau ʻia i nā hana hoʻololi hohonu nona ka hopena, pololei, nā mea o ka ʻike ikehu nui loa.
Hiki iā lākou ke lawelawe iā ʻoe:
- Nā laʻana o Hydrocarbons
- Nā laʻana o nā Kumuwaiwai Hou
- Nā laʻana o nā Kumuwaiwai Hou Hou ʻole
- Nā laʻana o nā pilikia kūlohelohe
ʻO nā wahie fossil nā kumu ikehu Hou Hou, ʻoiai lākou e hoʻopau ʻia i kēia manawa me kahi wikiwiki ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o kā lākou lawe ʻana e hana.
ʻO ka hapa nui o ka ikehu i hoʻohana ʻia i ka honua i kēia lā mai ka hōʻā ʻana o kēia mau ʻano mea, nā mea ʻelua e hana i ka uila a me ka hānai nā ʻoihana nā kemika, e like me ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā kaʻa, nā keʻena uila, ka kuke ʻana a me nā hale hoʻomehana.
ʻO ia kaʻai honua ma muli o ka maʻalahi maʻalahi e lawe, ka nui nā mālama honua a me kāna kumukūʻai waiwai a me ka ʻenehana maʻalahi, hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā ʻano sophisticated a i ʻole ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ikehu.
Eia nō naʻe, hana ke kuni ʻana i nā wahie fossil i nā kinoea ʻawahia i ka nui (carbon monoxide, gases sulfurous, carcinogens, etc.) a ʻo ia kekahi o nā kumu nui o pōʻino kaiapuni a me ke aniau hoʻololi i ke kenekulia 21 mua.
ʻEhā mau wahie fossil i ʻike ʻia.
Lanahu
ʻO kēia mineral ka hopena o ka sedimentation o prehistoric mea kanu koe (Kuhi ʻia ʻo ka wā Carboniferous, ma kahi o 300 miliona mau makahiki i hala aku nei) i nā wahi oxygen haʻahaʻa a me ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe a me ka mahana.
ʻO kēlā ʻano hana o mineralization Ma o ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ke kalepona, hana ia i nā mea paʻa me ka coefficient ikehu kiʻekiʻe, hoʻohana ākea ʻia i ka hana ikehu a me nā ʻoihana mea hana (nā mea ʻili, nā aila, nā kala, a pēlā aku.).
ʻEhā ʻano nui o nā lānahu: peat, lignite, lānahu, a me antracite, hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma aneʻi mai ka haʻahaʻa a i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kalapona. He mea nui kēia mea i ka Industrial Revolution a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā ʻenehana mahu, a hiki i ka wā i hoʻoneʻe ʻia e ka aila. ʻO nā waihona lānahu nui loa ma US, Russia a me Kina.
Kinoea kūlohelohe
He kāwili māmā ia o ʻāpana uila ʻenekini, lawe ʻia mai nā waihona kūʻokoʻa (manuahi) a i ʻole mai nā waihona aila a i ʻole nā lānahu (pili).
I nā kūlana ʻelua, hana ʻia ia e ka decomposition anaerobic (me ka ʻole o ka oxygen) o nā meaola a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o kāna ʻāpana nui a hoʻohana, e like me ka methane (ʻoi aku ma mua o 90% o kāna ʻike, maʻamau), ethane (a hiki i 11%), propane (a i 3.7%), butane (ʻoi aku ma mua o 0.7%), me nitrogen a me carbon dioxide, i waena o nā inert ʻē aʻe nā kinoea, nā koina o ka luaipele a me nā haumia.
ʻO ka nā mālama mālama kinoea nui i ka honua aia ma ka Hikina Waena (a hiki i 43% o ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi ma ʻIrana a me Qatar), a me he wahie laulā a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā wahie fossil ʻē aʻe (ʻoi aku ka emissions o CO22), hoʻohana ākea ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he kumuwaiwai ikehu (ʻoiai ʻo Compressed Natural Gas a me Liquefied Natural Gas) a ma ke ʻano he kumu caloric, ma nā hale a me nā ʻoihana a me nā ʻano o ka lawe.
Ke kinoea ʻaila kūpilikiʻi
ʻO ka LPG kahi hui nui o propane a me butane, i loko o ke kinoea kūlohelohe a i ʻole hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka aila crude, i loaʻa ke ʻano o ka liquefiable maʻalahi (lilo i wai).
He huahana pinepine lākou o ka catalytic fractional distillation (a i ʻole FCC) o ka aila, i hoʻohana ākea ʻia e like me nā wahie kūloko, i hāʻawi ʻia i ko lākou hiki caloric a me ka palekana palekana, a me ka loaʻa ʻana o nā olefins (nā alkene) no ka mea, ʻo nā hana ʻili.
ʻAilika
ʻO kēia wai aila, ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele hoʻi kahi hui o nā hydrocarbons paʻakikī i hiki ʻole i ka wai (paraffins, naphhenes a me nā mea ʻaʻala), i hana ʻia i loko o nā waihona wai o ka hohonu loli (ma waena o 600 a 5,000 mika) i nā papa o lalo.
E like me nā wahie fossil ʻē aʻe, he huahana ia o ka hōʻiliʻili o nā mea ʻokanika (Zooplankton a me nā limu nui) i ka lalo anoxic o nā loko a me nā kai o ka wā kahiko prehistoric, a laila kanu ʻia ma lalo o nā papa o ka sediment ma nā kaomi kiʻekiʻe a me nā mahana. Hāʻawi ʻia i ko lākou haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka porosity o nā pōhaku sedimentary, piʻi kēia mau hydrocarbons i luna a i ʻole paʻa ʻia i nā waihona aila.
ʻO ka ʻAilika Hoʻohana ʻia ia mai ka wā kahiko o ke kanaka ma ke ʻano he aila, pigment a wahie paha, akā ʻaʻole ia a hiki i ka 19 kenekulia a me ka Revolution Revolution i ka manawa i ʻike ʻia ai kāna coefficient ʻoihana, e hoʻomau ana i kāna hana a hoʻohana i ka hana o nā wahie (gasolina, diesel, petroline) no ka hoʻohana kaʻa a uila paha, a me mea maka i ka ʻoihana kemika a me nā ʻoihana.
I kēia manawa e hōʻike ana i kekahi o nā kikowaena ʻoihana nui a me nā ʻoihana kālā i ka hana hoʻokele waiwai o ka honua, nona ka hana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke kūʻai aku i hiki ke hoʻololi i ka pale kaulike o ka hoʻokele waiwai kanaka.
Ka papa inoa o Nā kūmole ʻaila nui loa ia, mai nā polyesters a me nā plastics i nā kinoea a me nā wai i kuni ʻia, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe, nā pigment a me nā lōʻihi lōʻihi.
Eia nō naʻe, kona unuhi ʻana a me kāna ʻai ʻana he pilikia koʻikoʻi kaiapuni i hāʻawi ʻia i kona insolubility i loko o ka wai, kahi mea paʻakikī e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā wā o ka ninini ʻana, a hāʻawi ʻia i ka hana kiʻekiʻe o nā mea ʻona i hoʻopili ʻia i kāna puhi ʻana: kēpau, carbon dioxide, monoxide o carbon, sulfur oxides, nitrous oxides a me nā mea ʻino e hoʻopōʻino i ke ola a i ke kaulike kaiaola o ka honua.
- Nā laʻana o Hydrocarbons
- Nā laʻana o nā Kumuwaiwai Hou
- Nā laʻana o nā Kumuwaiwai Hou Hou ʻole
- Nā laʻana o nā Pilikia Kūlohelohe
- Nā laʻana o nā pilikia kūlohelohe
