Nā paʻakai paʻakai

Anter

• Nomenclature o nā paʻakai ʻakika
• Nā laʻana o nā paʻakai ʻakika

I ka kemika ʻaʻohe, aia kahi kamaʻilio o a Paakai ke nānā mākou i nā mea hoʻohui i loaʻa ke loaʻa i kahi waikawa kona hydrogen atoms i hoʻololi ʻia e nā radical kumu, ka mea i ka hihia kikoʻī o paʻakai ʻakika, he ʻano maikaʻi ʻole (cations). I ko lākou ʻano ʻokoʻa mai nā paʻakai kūpaʻa aiʻole nā ​​paʻakai binary.

Nā paʻakai hana mau ʻia ma o ka hopena ma waena o ka waikawa a me ka hydroxide (base). I kēia mau hopena, maʻamau ka nalo o ke kumu i nā hui hydroxyl (-OH) a me ka waikawa nā ʻākia hydrogen (H), e hana ana i ka paʻakai kūpaʻa ʻole; akā inā mālama ka waikawa i nīnau ʻia i kekahi o kona mau ʻoma hydrogen, e hoʻololi ana i ka uku uila o ka hopena, e loaʻa iā mākou paʻakai paʻakai a paʻakai hydrogenated paha.

No laila, no ka laʻana, loaʻa i ka lithium bicarbonate mai ka lithium hydroxide a me ka carbonic acid:

LiOH + H₂CO₃ = Li (HCO₃) + H₂A I OLE

ʻO ka hopena, e like me ka mea e ʻike ʻia ai, hoʻolei hoʻi i ka wai ma ke ʻano he huahana.

Nomenclature o nā paʻakai ʻakika

Wahi a ka nomenclature hana, no nā paʻakai waikawa i ke ala kuʻuna o ka inoa ʻana i nā paʻakai kūlike ʻole e pono ke hoʻohana ʻia mai nā ʻūhū -ate a i ʻole -ite, akā i mua me ka paimaka e kuhikuhi ana i ka helu o nā ʻoma hydrogen i pani ʻia i ka molekoki. No laila, no ka laʻana, lithium bicarbonate (LiHCO₃) e loaʻa ʻelua mau ʻoma hydrogen (bi = ʻelua).

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, e like me ka nomenclature ʻōnaehana, ka manawa hydrogen i ka inoa maʻamau o ka paʻakai i loaʻa, mahalo i nā pākuʻi e kuhikuhi i nā ʻoma hydrogen i hope. No laila, ʻo ka lithium hydrogen carbonate a i ʻole ka lithium hydrogen carbonate e lilo i mau ala e kapa ʻia ka likiuma bicarbonate (LiHCO₃).

Nā laʻana o nā paʻakai ʻakika

1. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃). Kapa ʻia ʻo sodium hydrogen carbonate (IV), he keʻokeʻo crystalline paʻa, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai, i hiki ke loaʻa ma ke ʻano i kahi kūlana mineral a i ʻole hiki ke hana ʻia i ka hale hana. ʻO ia kekahi o nā paʻakai acidic ʻoi loa i ʻike ʻia a hoʻohana ākea ʻia i ka confectionery, pharmacology a i ʻole ka hana yogurt.
2. Lithium bicarbonate (LiHCO₃). Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia paʻakai ʻakika ma ke ʻano he agena hopu no CO₂ i nā kūlana i makemake ʻole ʻia ia gas, e like me nā mikiona ākea ʻo ʻApelika ʻAmelika Hema.
3. ʻO ka potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH₂PO₄). Paʻa ka crystalline, ʻaʻohe ʻaʻala, soluble i ka wai, ākea hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻoihana like ʻole e like me ka mea hū, ka mea chelating, mea hoʻoikaika kino a me ka mea kōkua i nā hana fermentation.
4. Sodium bisulfate (NaHSO₄). ʻO ka paʻakai paʻakai i hana ʻia e ka neʻeneʻe ʻia o ka waikawa sulfuric, hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hana ʻana i ka metala, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā huahana a ʻoiai he mea ʻawaʻawa nui ia i kekahi echinod germ, hoʻohana ʻia ia me kahi mea hoʻohui i ka meaʻai pipi a me ka hana ʻana i nā mea hoʻonaninani.
5. ʻO Sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS). Pākuʻi weliweli o ka lawelawe ʻana i nā mea lahilahi, ʻoiai he corrosive a ʻawahia hoʻi ia. Hiki iā ia ke hōʻeha i ka wela o ka ʻili a me nā maka o ka maka, ʻoiai e wela pū kekahi ia.
6. Kalepona hydrogen phosphate (CaHPO₄). Hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he papaʻai meaʻai i nā cereal a me nā hānai holoholona, ​​ʻo ia kahi insoluble paʻa ʻole i ka wai akā hiki ke crystallizing ke hoʻoulu ʻia e ka ʻai ʻana i nā mole o ka wai.
7. Ammonium hydrogen carbonate ([NH₄] HCO₃). ʻIke ʻia ia me he amonium bicarbonate a hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana meaʻai e like me ka hū kemika, ʻoiai ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka hei ʻana i ka amonia, e hāʻawi ana i ka meaʻai i kahi ʻono maikaʻi ʻole inā hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoi. Hoʻohana ʻia ia i nā mea kinai ahi, hana pigment, a ma ke ʻano he expander rubber.
8. Barium bicarbonate (Ba [HCO₃]₂). ʻO ka paʻakai paʻakai ke hoʻomehana ʻia hiki ke hoʻohuli i kāna hopena hana a paʻa paʻa ʻole koe ka hopena. Hoʻohana ākea i ka ʻoihana keramika.
9. Sodium bisulfite (NaHSO₃). Kūleʻa ʻole kēia paʻakai a i ke alo o ka oxygen e lawe ʻia i ka sodium sulfate, ʻo ia ke kumu e hoʻohana ʻia ai i ka ʻoihana meaʻai ma ke ʻano he mea mālama i ka meaʻai a me kahi desiccant. He mea hōʻemi hōʻemi nui ia a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e ke kanaka, hoʻohana pū ʻia i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā kala.
10. Kalipuna citrate (Ca₃[C₆H₅A I OLE₇]₂). ʻO ka mea i ʻike maʻamau ʻia he paʻakai ʻawaʻawa, hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he mea mālama mea ʻole a ma ke ʻano he mea kōkua pono ke hoʻopili ʻia i ka lysine amino acid. He keʻokeʻo ia, ʻaʻohe onaona, he pauka aniani.
11. Monocalcium phosphate(Ca [H₂PO₄]₂). Loaʻa i ka momona ʻole i loaʻa mai i ka hopena o ka calcium hydroxide a me ka phosphoric acid, Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he mea hū a i ʻole he mea hoʻomomona i ka hana mahiʻai.
12. Dicalcium phosphate (CaHPO₄). ʻIke pū ʻia hoʻi me ka monarchogen phosphate calcium, ʻekolu ona ʻano crystalline ʻano like Hoʻohana ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui i ka meaʻai a aia i loko o nā niho niho. Eia hou, hana maoli ia i nā pōhaku hakuʻala a me ka pōhaku niho i kapa ʻia he niho.
13. ʻO Monomagcium phosphate (MgH₄P₂A I OLE₈). Hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he acidulant, mea hoʻoponopono acidity a i ʻole agena i ka mālama ʻana i nā palaoa. he paʻakai ʻaʻohe honi ʻole, crystalline keʻokeʻo, hapa ʻia i ka wai a hoʻohana ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i ka meaʻai.
14. Sodium diacetate (NaH [C₂H₃A I OLE₂]₂). Hoʻohana ʻia kēia paʻakai ma ke ʻano he mea ʻala a me ka mea mālama ʻole no ka ʻai, pale a hoʻolohi paha i ka helehelena o ka fungi a me ka microbacteria, ma nā huahana huʻihuʻi e like me nā huahana ʻai a me ka palaoa.
15. Kalipuna bicarbonate (Ca [HCO₃]₂). ʻO ka paʻakai hydrogenated i hoʻomaka ʻia mai ka calcium carbonate, i loko o nā minelala e like me ka limestone, marble a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. Hōʻike kēia hopena i ke kū ʻana o ka wai a me CO₂, no laila hiki ke hana maʻalahi ʻia i nā ana a me nā ana i waiwai i ka calcium.
16. Rubidium acid fluoride (RbHF). Loaʻa kēia paʻakai mai ka hopena o ka hydrofluoric acid (hydrogen and fluorine X) a me Rubidium, kahi metala alkali. ʻO ka hopena he hui ʻona a me ka corrosive pono e lawelawe ʻia me ke akahele..
17. Monoammonium phosphate ([NH₄] H₂PO₄). ʻO ka paʻakai hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e ka wai e ka hopena o ka amonia a me ka waikawa phosphoric, ākea hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomomona no ka mea hāʻawi ia i ka lepo me ka nitrogen a me nā huakō phosphorus e pono ai no ka ulu ʻana o nā mea kanu. He ʻāpana nō ia o ka pauma ʻAmelona i nā mea kinai ahi.
18. Zt hydrogen orthoborate(Zn [HBO₃]). Hoʻohana ʻia ka paʻakai ma ke ʻano he antiseptic a ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui i ka hana o nā keramika.
19. Monosodium phosphate (NaH₂PO₄). Hoʻohana ʻia ma nā hale hana, e like me “buffer”A i ʻole ka hopena buffer, ka mea e pale ai i nā hoʻololi koke o ka pH o kahi hopena.
20. ʻO ka potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP). Kapa ʻia ʻo potassium acid phthalate, he paʻakai paʻa a paʻa hoʻi ia i ka ea maʻamau, no laila Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e like me ke kūlana mua ma nā ana o pH. He mea pono pū kekahi ma ke ʻano he buffering agents i nā hopena kemika.

Hiki iā ia ke lawelawe iā ʻoe:

• Nā laʻana o nā Mineral paʻakai a me kā lākou hana
• Nā laʻana o nā paʻakai kūleʻa
• Nā laʻana o nā paʻakai ʻo Oxisales