Ka mana Hydroelectric

Anter

• Nā ʻano o nā mea kanu hydroelectric
• Nā pōmaikaʻi o ka mana hydroelectric
• Nā maikaʻi ʻole o ka hydropower
• Nā laʻana o ka hydropower
• Nā ʻano ikehu ʻē aʻe

ʻO ka mana uila hana ʻia e ka hana o ka neʻe ʻana o ka wai, ma ka hāʻule maʻamau (lele lele geodesic) a me nā pali a i ʻole nā ​​poho kūikawā, kahi i hoʻokau ʻia nā mea kanu mana e hoʻohana pono ai i ka ikehu mīkini o ka wai neʻe a hoʻoheheʻe i nā turbine o ka mea hana i hana i ka uila.

Kēia hana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai hāʻawi i ka lima o ka ikehu uila ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, a ʻaʻole ia he mea hou hou i ka mōʻaukala kanaka: ka poʻe Helene kahiko, e pili ana i ke kumumanaʻo like a kikoʻī hoʻi, ka palaoa i hoʻolapalapa ʻia e hana i ka palaoa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikaika o ka wai a i ʻole ka makani me kahi moʻo o nā wili. Eia nō naʻe, kūkulu ʻia ka mea kanu hydroelectric mua e like me ia ma 1879 i United States.

Kaulana kēia ʻano meakanu i nā wahi hulihonua ka wai o ka hopena o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana ma ka piko o nā kuahiwi a i ʻole ke keakea ʻana o ka holo o kahi kahawai ikaika e hōʻiliʻili i ka nui o ka ikaika. I nā manawa ʻē aʻe he pono e kūkulu i kahi wai e kāohi i ka hoʻokuʻu a me ka mālama ʻana i ka wai a pēlā e hana ai i ka hāʻule o nā nui i makemake ʻia.

ʻO ka mana o kēia ʻano mea kanu hiki iā ia ke pae mai nā mea kanu nunui a ikaika hoʻi e hoʻonui i nā kaukani megawatt, a i kapa ʻia he mau mea kanu mini-hydro e hoʻopuka nei i kekahi mau megawatts wale nō.

Nā ʻike hou aʻe i: Nā laʻana o ka Mana Neaa

Nā ʻano o nā mea kanu hydroelectric

Wahi a kona manaʻo kuhikuhipuʻuone, ʻike mau ʻia ia ma waena mea kanu hydrelectric open-air, e like me nā mea i kau ʻia ma ka wāwae o ka wailele a i ʻole kahi wai wai, a nā mea kanu wai uila ma ke ana, ka poʻe mamao loa mai ke kumu wai akā pili iā ia e nā paipu puʻe a me nā ʻano ʻino o nā tunnels.

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kēia mau mea kanu e like me ke kahe o ka wai i kēlā me kēia hihia, ʻo ia hoʻi:

• E kanu ana i nā mea kanu wai. Hana mau lākou, e hoʻohana ana i ka wai o kahi kahawai a i ʻole hāʻule, no ka mea ʻaʻohe o lākou hiki ke mālama i ka wai e like me nā waihona wai.
• Nā mea kanu Reservoir. Mālama lākou i ka wai ma o kahi kūmole a ʻae iā ia e kahe i waena o nā pōpō, e mālama ana i kahi kahe mau a kaohi. ʻOi aku ka pipiʻi ma mua o ka wai kahe.
• Nā kikowaena me ka hoʻoponopono. Hoʻokomo ʻia i nā kahawai, akā me ka hiki ke mālama i ka wai.
• Nā wahi paipu. Hoʻohui lākou i ka hanauna o ka uila e ke kahe o ka wai me ka hiki ke hoʻouna i ka wai i luna, e hoʻomau i ka pōʻaiapuni a me ka hana ʻana ma ke ʻano he uila nui.

Nā pōmaikaʻi o ka mana hydroelectric

Ua ulu nui ka ikehu Hydroelectric i ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia 20, i hāʻawi ʻia i kāna mau ʻano ʻano maikaʻi ʻole, ʻo ia:

• Hoʻomaʻemaʻe. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka ʻā ʻana o nā wahie fossil, he ikehu hoʻohaumia haʻahaʻa ia.
• Palekana. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia i nā pōpilikia hiki ke loaʻa o ka mana nuklella a i ʻole nā ​​ʻano weliweli o ka hanauna uila, hiki ke hoʻokele ʻia kona mau pilikia.
• ʻO Constancy. ʻO nā lako wai a me nā hāʻule nui e mau mau i loko o ka makahiki, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka hana maʻamau o ka mea ulu.
• Hoʻokele waiwai. ʻAʻole koi mea maka, ʻaʻole hoʻi i nā kaʻina hana paʻakikī, he kumu kūʻai hana uila a maʻalahi a maʻalahi hoʻi ia e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ai i nā kumukūʻai o ka hana ikehu holoʻokoʻa a me ke kaulahao hoʻohana.
• Kū kaʻawale. No ka mea ʻaʻole ia e koi i nā mea maka a i ʻole nā ​​hoʻokomo (ma waho aʻe o nā ʻāpana hoʻokoe), he hiʻohiʻona ia kūʻokoʻa i nā kūleʻa o ka mākeke a me nā kuʻikahi ākea a i ʻole nā ​​mea kālaiʻāina.

Nā maikaʻi ʻole o ka hydropower

• Nā hanana kūloko. ʻO ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā dam a me nā keke, a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana i nā pōpō a me nā mea hana i ka hopena i ka hopena o nā kahawai e pili pinepine i nā kahawai. nā kaiaolaola kūloko.
• Pilikia hopena. ʻOiai he kākaʻikahi a hiki ke pale ʻia me kahi papa hana mālama maikaʻi, hiki i ka haki ʻana i kahi dike ke kumu o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o kahi nui o ka wai ma mua o ka hiki ke mālama ʻia a nā hālana a me nā pōʻino kūloko.
• Ka hopena ʻāina. Hoʻololi ka hapa nui o kēia mau wahi i nā kahakaha kūlohelohe a loaʻa ka hopena ma ka ʻāina kūloko, ʻoiai hiki iā lākou ke lilo i mau kikoʻī mākaʻikaʻi.
• Ka hōʻino ʻana o nā kahawai. ʻO ka hana mau i ke kahe o ka wai e holoi i nā moena o ka muliwai a hoʻololi i ke ʻano o ka wai, e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i nā sediment. He hopena muliwai kā kēia mea āpau e noʻonoʻo ai.
• Nā maloʻo hiki. I nā hihia o ka maloʻo nui, ʻike kēia mau hiʻohiʻona hanauna i kā lākou hana palena ʻana, ʻoiai ka liʻiliʻi o ka nui o ka wai ma mua o ke kūpono. Hiki i kēia ke hōʻemi i ka ikehu a i ʻole ka piʻi ʻana o ka helu, kaukaʻi ʻia i ka nui o ka maloʻo.

Nā laʻana o ka hydropower

1. Niagara Falls. ʻO ke kahua uila uila ʻO Robert Moses Niagara Mea Hana Mana Aia ma United States, ʻo ia ka mea kanu hydroelectric mua i kūkulu ʻia i ka mōʻaukala, e hoʻohana ana i ka mana o ka nui o Niagara Falls ma Appleton, Wisconsin.
2. Pūkā wai ʻo Krasnoyarsk. ʻO kahi 124 m kiʻekiʻe kika wai paʻa ma ke kahawai ʻo Yenisei ma Divnogorsk, Lūkia, i kūkulu ʻia ma waena o 1956 a me 1972 a e hāʻawi ana ma kahi o 6000 MW o ka ikehu i ka poʻe Lūkini. ʻO Krasnoyarkoye reservoir i hana ʻia no kāna hana.
3. Wailele Salime. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia waihona Paniolo ma Asturias, ma ka muliwai o Navia, i ka makahiki 1955 a hāʻawi i ka heluna kanaka a puni 350 GWh i kēlā me kēia makahiki. No ke kūkulu ʻana, pono e hoʻololi mau ʻia ka muliwai a kokoke i ʻelua mau mahinaʻai i hoʻopihapiha ʻia ma 685 hectares o nā ʻāina mahi, me nā pā mahiʻai, nā alahaka, nā hale kupapaʻu, nā hale pule, a me nā hale pule.
4. Mea kanu māla ʻo Guavio. ʻO ka lua o nā mea kanu mana nui i ka hana ma ka ʻāina ʻo Colombian, aia ia ma Cundinamarca, 120km mai Bogotá a hana ma kahi o 1,213 MW o ka uila. Ua hele i loko o ka hana i loko o 1992, me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻekolu mau anakahi hou i hoʻonohonoho ʻia no nā kumu kālā. Inā hana ia, hoʻonui ʻia ka hana o kēia waihona i 1,900 MW, ke kiʻekiʻe loa ma ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa.
5. ʻO ka mea kanu ʻo Simón Bolívar hydroelectric. Kapa ʻia ʻo Presa del Guri, aia ia ma ka moku ʻo Bolívar, Venezuela, ma ka nuku o ka muliwai ʻo Caroni i ka muliwai kaulana ʻo Orinoco. Loaʻa iā ia kahi waihona i hana ʻia i kapa ʻia ʻo Embalse del Guri, me ia e hāʻawi ʻia ai ka uila i kahi hapa nui o ka ʻāina a kūʻai aku ʻia i nā kaona palena o ka ʻĀkau o Brazil. Ua hoʻokumu piha ʻia ia i ka makahiki 1986 a ʻo ia ka hāhā nui o nā mea kanu hydroelectric i ka honua, e hāʻawi nei i ka 10,235 MW o ka nui o ka hoʻouka ʻia i 10 mau ʻāpana like ʻole.
6. Punawai Xilodu. Aia ma ka muliwai Jinsha ma ka hema o Kina, he 13,860 MW ka nui o ka uila i hoʻokau ʻia, a he ʻae i ka ʻae ʻana i ka kahe o ka wai e kōkua i ka hoʻokele a pale i ka wai. ʻO ia ke kolu o ka nui o nā wahi uila uila ma ka honua a ʻo ka hā hoʻi o ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma ka honua.
7. ʻO ke kahawai ʻo Gorges ʻEkolu. Aia pū ma Kina, ma ka muliwai Yangtze i waenakonu o kāna panalāʻau, ʻo ia ka hale nui ʻoi loa o ka wai uila i ka honua, me ka nui o ka mana o 24,000 MW. Ua hoʻopau ʻia ma 2012, ma hope o ke kahe ʻana o 19 kūlanakauhale a me 22 kūlanakauhale (630 km² ʻili), me kahi o 2 miliona mau kānaka e pono e heʻe a neʻe hou aku. Me kona 2309 mika ka lōʻihi a me 185 dam kiʻekiʻe, hāʻawi wale kēia mea kanu mana i 3% o ka nui o ka ikaika i kēia ʻāina.
8. Kahawai ʻo Yacyretá-Apipé. Aia kēia poho i loko o kahi hui o Argentina-Paraguayan ma ka muliwai Paraná, hoʻolako i ka 22% o ko Argentina koi ikaika me kāna 3,100 MW mana. He kūkulu kontroversial loa ia, no ka mea ua koi ʻia i ke kahe ʻana o nā wahi kū hoʻokahi i ka ʻāina a me ka luku ʻia ʻana o nā hanana he nui o nā holoholona a me nā mea kanu.
9. Pāhana Hydroelectric Palomino. E hoʻokumu ʻia kēia papahana ma ka Dominican Republic ma ke kahawai ʻo Yaraque-Sur a me Blanco, kahi e loaʻa ai kahi waihona wai me ka nui o 22 hectares a hoʻonui i ka hanauna ikehu o ka ʻāina e 15%.
10. Punawai ʻIaipu. ʻO ka lua o nā mea kanu uila nui loa ma ka honua, he papahana binational ia ma waena o Brazil a me Paraguay e hoʻohana pono ai i ko lākou palena ma ka muliwai Paraná. Uhi ka lōʻihi kuapapa o ka poho ma kahi o 29,000 hm³ o ka wai ma kahi o 14,000 km paha². ʻO kona mana hanauna he 14,000 MW a ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hana i ka makahiki 1984.

Nā ʻano ikehu ʻē aʻe