Nā hāʻawi a Aristotle

Anter

• Nā hana a Aristotle
• Nā laʻana o kā Aristotle hāʻawi

ʻO Aristotle o Estagira (384 BC-322 BC) he akeakamai Maketonia o ka lāhui Helene kahiko, i noʻonoʻo ʻia i waena o nā manaʻo nui o ke Komohana a nona nā manaʻo, i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma kahi o 200 mau kuʻikahi nona 31 wale nō e mālama ʻia, i loaʻa ka mana a me ka mana i kā mākou moʻolelo ʻike. no nā makahiki he ʻelua a ʻoi paha.

ʻO kāna mau mea i kākau ai e pili ana i ka nui o nā hoihoi, mai ke kūpili, nā politika, nā loina, nā physics, a me nā ʻōlelo, a i nā poetics, nā astronomy, a me nā biology; nā wahi o ka ʻike kahi i hoʻokani ai i kahi hana hoʻololi, i kekahi mau kumu a me nā hoʻokumu paʻa. ʻo kāna nā ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana mua o ka noʻonoʻo a me ka biology i ka mōʻaukala.

He haumana ia na nā akeakamai koʻikoʻi e like me Plato a me Eudoxus, i loko o nā makahiki he iwakālua i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ai ʻo ia ma ka Academy of Athens, ke kūlanakauhale hoʻokahi kahi e loaʻa ai iā ia ka Lyceum., kahi e aʻo ai ʻo ia a hiki i ka hāʻule ʻana o kāna haumāna, ʻo ʻAlekanedero no Makedonia, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Alexander ka Nui. A laila e hele ʻo ia i ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Chalcis, kahi e make ai ʻo ia i kēlā makahiki aʻe.

ʻO ko Aristotle's trajectory kahi pōhaku kihi o nā ʻepekema o kēia wā a me nā akeakamai, a hoʻohanohano pinepine ʻia ʻo ia i nā ʻaha kūkā kamaʻāina, nā kuʻikahi, a me nā paʻi ʻana.

Nā hana a Aristotle

ʻO nā hana i kākau ʻia e Aristotle i ola iā mākou he 31, ʻoiai ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei ka mea kākau o kekahi o lākou. Ke kāhea Corpus aristotelicum (Aristotelian kino), eia naʻe, ua aʻo ʻia i loko o kāna puke Prussian na Inmanuel Bekker, i hana ʻia ma waena o 1831-1836 a he mau hapa nui o kāna mau poʻo inoa i koe ma ka Lākina.

• Nā Kuʻikahi o Logic: Māhele (Māhele), Mai ka wehewehe ʻana (Ma ka unuhi), ʻIkepili mua (Analytica priora), Nānā kekona (Hope Analytica), Nā Kumuhana (Kumuhana), Sophistic refutations (Na sophisticis elenchis).
• Nā mālama lapaʻau Kino (ʻO Physica), Ma luna o ka lani (Na caelo), E pili ana i ka hanauna a me ka palaho (O ka hanauna a me ka palaho), Meteorology (Meteorological), O ke ao holoʻokoʻa (No ka Honua), O ka ʻuhane (Na anima), Nā Kuʻikahi liʻiliʻi ma ke Kūlohelohe (Parva naturalia), O ka hanu (E ka ʻuhane), Mōʻaukala o nā holoholona (Mōʻaukala Animalium), Nā ʻāpana o nā holoholona (Na partibus animalium), Ka neʻe ʻana o nā holoholona (Maimotu animalium), Holomua holoholona (Na incessu animalium), Ka hanauna holoholona (Na hanauna hanauna), O nā kala (Na coloribus), O nā mea o ka audition (Na audibilibus), Physiognomonic (ʻO Physiognomonica), O nā mea kanu (Na plantis), O nā mea kupaianaha i lohe ʻia (Na mirabilibus auscultationibus), Mekanika (Mekanika), Nā pilikia (Pilikia), No nā laina ʻike ʻole ʻia (Na lineis insecabilibus), Nā wahi o ka makani (Paʻa pūnaewele), Melisos, Xenophanes a me Gorgias (pōkole MXG).
• Kuikahi ma nā metaphysics: Nā Metaphysics (ʻO Metaphysica).
• Nā kuʻikahi Ethics a me nā kulekele: Nā Ethics Nicomachean (ʻO Ethica Nicomachea), Morale nui (Magna moralia), Nā Kumuhana Eudemic (ʻO Ethica Eudemia), Puke liʻiliʻi ma nā pono a me nā hewa (De virtutibus et vitiis libellus), Kālaiʻāina (Kālaiʻāina), Hoʻokele waiwai (Oeconomics) a me ke Kumukanawai o ka Atenai.Athenaion politea).
• Nā kuʻikahi o nā ʻōlelo a me nā haku mele: Nā hana noʻeau (Rhetorica), Rhetoric iā Alexander (ʻO Rhetorica ad Alexandrum) a me nā Poetics (Poetic ars).

Nā laʻana o kā Aristotle hāʻawi

1. Ua kūkulu ʻo ia i kāna ʻōnaehana akeakamai. Ua kūʻē i nā manaʻo o kāna kumu ʻo Plato, nona ka honua i loko o nā mokulele ʻelua: ʻo ka noʻonoʻo a me ka naʻauao, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Aristotle ʻaʻohe keʻena o ka honua. No laila, ua hoʻohewa ʻo ia i ka "Theory of forms" o kāna kumu, ka mea nāna i hōʻike i ka honua o nā manaʻo ka honua maoli a ʻo ka honua ʻike ʻia wale nō kahi hiʻohiʻona o ia mea. No Aristotle, hana ʻia nā mea i kahi mea a me kahi ʻano, hui pū ʻole ʻia i ke kumuwaiwai o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, a hiki ke kiʻi ʻia i kā lākou ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma o ka ʻike.

1. ʻO ia ka makua hoʻokumu o ka noʻonoʻo. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana noiʻi mua e pili ana i nā kumumanaʻo o ka pono a i ʻole ʻole o ke kūpono ʻole e pili ana i kēia mea akeakamai Helene, ma o ke kūkulu ʻana i ka mahele o syllogism (hoʻemi). I kāna mau ʻōlelo ponoʻī, he “haʻiʻōlelo kēia (nā lepa) i loko o, i hoʻokumu i kekahi mau mea, nā hualoaʻa kūpono ia mai iā lākou, no ka mea he aha lākou, he mea ʻokoʻa ʻē aʻe "; ʻo ia, kahi hana no ka manaʻo i nā hopena mai kahi papa o nā wahi. Ua hiki i kēia ʻōnaehana ke hoʻopaʻa i ke ʻano o ka noʻonoʻo pono ʻana iā ia iho mai ka pololei a me ka ʻole o ka hewa o nā wahi. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona e mau ana a hiki i kēia lā.

1. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i ke kumu o ka kūʻē ʻole. ʻO kekahi mea kōkua i ke kūpili, ʻo ia ke kumu o ka kū ʻole. No laila, ʻo nā manaʻo e hōʻike ana i kahi kūʻē e manaʻo ʻia he wahaheʻe. Ua hoʻolaʻa pū ʻo Aristotle i kāna mau hana i ke aʻo ʻana i nā fallacies (noʻonoʻo kūpono ʻole), kahi āna i ʻike ai a hoʻokaʻawale i ʻekolu mau ʻano nui.

1. Ua hāpai ʻo ia i ka mahele o ke akeakamai. I kēlā mau manawa, hoʻomaopopo ʻia ke akeakamai ma ke ʻano he "hoʻopaʻa naʻau i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo", no laila ke ākea kāna mea hoihoi. Hāʻawi ʻo Aristotle i kahi kaʻina o nā aʻo e pili ana iā ia: logistic, āna i manaʻo ai he aʻo hoʻomākaukau; kālaiʻike akeakamai, i hana ʻia me nā physics, makemakika a me nā metaphysics; a me ke akeakamai kūpono, ka mea pili i nā loina a me nā politika.

1. Ua hāpai ʻo ia i kahi loina o nā pono. Ua pale aku ʻo Aristotle i nā pono o ka ʻuhane, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā mea e pili ana i ke kumu kanaka, a no ia mea ua māhele ʻia i ʻelua: ka ʻike a me ka makemake. Ma o lākou nei, hiki i ke kanaka ke kaohi i kāna ʻāpana kūpono ʻole. E lawelawe ana kēia mau kānāwai i ke kahawai holoʻokoʻa o nā kula akeakamai e hiki mai ana, a ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ke kanaka ma waena o kahi hiʻohiʻona a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻole e ulu i loko o nā ʻano ʻē aʻe, e like me ka mahele Karistiano ma waena o ka ʻuhane make ʻole a me ke kino make.

1. Ua hōʻike ʻo ia i ke kumumanaʻo papa o nā ʻano aupuni. Lawe ʻia kēia kumumanaʻo i ka hoʻololi maoli ʻole i nā kenekulia i hala a hala i ke ʻano o kā mākou ʻōnaehana o ka hoʻonohonoho politika. Ua ʻae ʻo Aristotle i ʻeono mau ʻano aupuni, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e like me ka ʻimi a i ʻole ka pono o ka lehulehu a me ka helu o nā luna e kū nei, ʻo ia hoʻi:

• Nā aupuni e ʻimi nei i ka pono maʻamau:
  • Inā noho hoʻokahi ke aupuni: mōʻī
  • Inā liʻiliʻi ka lula: Aristocracy
  • Inā he nui nā lula: Demokalaka
• Hoʻohaʻahaʻa nā regimen mai iā lākou:
  • Inā aliʻi kekahi: Tyranny
  • Inā liʻiliʻi ka lula: Oligarchy
  • Inā he nui nā lula: Demagoguery

ʻO kēia huaʻōlelo Aristotelian a me kāna mau laʻana he nui i lawelawe i nā mea kākau moʻolelo e kūkulu hou i ka hapa nui o ka hui Helene o ia manawa.

1. Ua hāpai ʻo ia i kahi hiʻohiʻona astronomical geocentric. Ua noʻonoʻo kēia k modelkohu i ka honua ma ke ʻano he mea paʻa (ʻoiai poepoe) e puni ana nā hōkū i loko o kahi waihona spherical. Ua hoʻomau ʻia kēia hiʻohiʻona i nā kenekulia, a hiki i ka manawa o Nicolás Copernicus i ka 16 kenekulia i hoʻolauna i kahi hiʻohiʻona i kū ka Lā ma ke kikowaena o ke ao holoʻokoʻa.

1. Ua hoʻomohala ʻo ia i kahi kumumanaʻo o nā mea ʻehā. Hoʻokumu ʻia kāna kumumanaʻo kino i ke ola o nā mea ʻehā: ka wai, ka honua, ka ea, ke ahi a me nā ether. I kēlā me kēia mea hāʻawi ʻo ia i kahi neʻe kūlohelohe, ʻo ia hoʻi: neʻe nā mea mua ʻelua i waenakonu o ke ao, neʻe aku nā mea ʻelua aʻe mai ona aku, a puni ka kikowaena i ka ether. Ua paʻa kēia kumumanaʻo a hiki i ka Scientific Revolution o nā kenekulia 16 a me 17.

1. Ua hoʻokumu ʻo ia i ke kumumanaʻo o ka hanauna kūlohelohe. Ua hoʻopau ʻia e Jan Van Helmont i ka ʻumikūmāhiku kenekulia a ua hōʻole ʻia e nā aʻo ʻana a Louis Pasteur, ua hōʻike kēia kumumanaʻo o ka helehelena kūlohelohe o ke ola i ke ola mai ka pulu, ka hau a me ka hou, mahalo i ka mana hana ola mai ka mea, a ua bapetizo ʻia ʻo ia e entelechy.

1. Kau ʻia nā kumu no ke kumumanaʻo moʻokalaleo. Ma waena o kāu ʻHetlelo Hoʻākāka a kāna Poetika, Ua aʻo ʻo Aristotle i ke ʻano o ka ʻōlelo a me nā poema e hoʻohālikelike ai, e kāpae ana i ka kānalua a Plato i nā haku mele (nāna ia i kipaku aku ai mai kāna Lepupalika kāinoa ʻana iā lākou ma ke ʻano he wahaheʻe), a pēlā e kau ai i nā kumu no ke aʻo ʻana i nā akeakamai a me nā hana moʻokalaleo, āna i puʻunaue ai i ʻekolu ʻano nui:

• Epic ʻO ka mea mua o ka moʻolelo, he mea uwao kāna (haʻi moʻolelo) nāna e hoʻomanaʻo a haʻi mai paha i nā hanana a no laila mamao loa ia mai ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o lākou.
• Ka pilikia. Ma ka hana hou ʻana i nā hanana a hana ʻia i mua o ka lehulehu, ʻo kēia ʻano o ka moho kiʻekiʻe loa no Aristotle a ʻo ka mea lawelawe i nā wēlau maikaʻi loa no ka polis, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kāne ma mua o kona, a me kona hāʻule pū kekahi.
• ʻAkekaʻa. E like me ka pōpilikia, akā hōʻike i nā kāne ma mua o ka maikaʻi. ʻO nā ʻāpana aʻo hoʻomākeʻaka i nā Poetika Nalowale ʻo Aristotle's.